Niki Silicon Anode?
Silicon anode ni ibice bya batiri aho silicon isimbuza cyangwa ikongeramo grafite gakondo nkibikoresho byibanze byo kubika ioni ya lithium muri bateri ya - ion. Silicon itanga ubushobozi bwa theoretical hafi 3,600 kugeza 4.200 mAh / g - hejuru yikubye inshuro 10 ugereranije na 372 mAh / g ya grafite. Ibi bituma silicon imwe mubikoresho byizewe kuri bateri ikurikira - ikoresha ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, terefone zigendanwa, hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika ingufu.
Impamvu Silicon ifite akamaro kubuhanga bwa Bateri
Gusunika kuri silicon bituruka kumipaka yibanze muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri. Graphite anode yageze mubushobozi bwububiko bwa tekinoroji, ikora icyuho cya porogaramu zisaba ingufu nyinshi kandi ndende.
Silicon ikemura ibi ikoresheje uburyo bwihariye bwo kubika lithium. Buri atom atomike ya silicon irashobora guhuza na atome ya litiro 3.75 (ikora Li₃.₇₅Si), ugereranije na grafite aho atom imwe ya lithium isaba atome ya karubone esheshatu (LiC₆). Iyi atome - urwego rwimikorere rusobanurwa neza muri bateri zibika ingufu nyinshi cyane mubunini bumwe.
Ingaruka z'ubucuruzi ni nyinshi. Ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi, anode ya silicon irashobora gukora ibirometero 500 utiriwe wongera ubunini bwa paki. Kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi, ababikora barashobora gukora ibikoresho byoroshye hamwe nubuzima bwa bateri. Ibiteganijwe ku isoko byerekana ubwo bushobozi: isoko ry’ibikoresho bya silicon anode ku isi yageze kuri miliyoni 827 z'amadolari mu 2024 kandi biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 19.6 z'amadolari muri 2033, bivuze ko izamuka ry’umwaka wa 42.1%.
Ikibazo cyo Kwagura Ingano
Ubushobozi buhanitse bwa Silicon buzana ikibazo gikomeye cyubwubatsi: kwaguka gukabije mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Iyo lithium ion yinjije muri silicon mugihe cyo kwishyuza (inzira yitwa lithiation), silicon yaguka hafi 300-400% yubunini bwayo bwambere. Mugereranije, grafite yaguka hafi 10% gusa.
Uku kwaguka gukomeye gutera casque yibibazo. Guhangayikishwa nubukanishi butera uduce twa silicon kumeneka no guhindagurika, guca amashanyarazi hagati yibikoresho bikora hamwe nuwakusanyije. Buri giciro - cyizunguruka gisohora ibyara bishya, buhoro buhoro bitandukanya uduce twinshi twa silicon mumashanyarazi. Intangiriro ya silicon anode prototypes yatakaje ubushobozi bwabo mugihe cyizuba 10 gusa, bigatuma ubucuruzi budashoboka.
Kwaguka kandi bihungabanya intera ikomeye ya electrolyte (SEI) - urwego rukingira rukora hejuru ya anode. Muri bateri zisanzwe za grafite, SEI ihagarara nyuma yizunguruka nkeya. Hamwe na silikoni, kwaguka no kugabanuka bikomeje kumeneka no kuvugurura SEI, ukoresha ioni ya lithium na electrolyte hamwe na buri cyiciro. Ubushakashatsi bwifashishije isesengura rya X - bwagaragaje ko hafi 35% ya karubone zakozwe muri SEI zishonga mu gihe cyo gutandukana, mu gihe 17% ya lithium ihinduka umutego burundu mu bice bya silikoni bitandukanijwe nyuma y’inzira ya mbere yonyine.
Ikibazo cyo kwagura amajwi cyiganjemo ubushakashatsi bwa silicon anode mumyaka irenga makumyabiri. Hatariho ingamba zifatika zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa, ibyiza bya silicon nibyiza bidashoboka kuboneka mubucuruzi.
Ibisubizo byubuhanga kubibazo byo kwagura Silicon
Abashakashatsi hamwe n’amasosiyete bakoze uburyo butandukanye bwo kugenzura ubwiyongere bw’ijwi, buri kimwe gifite ubucuruzi butandukanye - hagati yimikorere, igiciro, ninganda zikomeye.
Nanostructuring
Kugabanya ingano ya silicon ingano kuri nanoscale ikora ubuso bunini hamwe n'inzira ngufi zo gukwirakwiza lithium ion. Silicon nanoparticles (mubisanzwe nanometero 10-100) yakira kwaguka neza kuruta silikoni nyinshi kuko imbaraga zikwirakwiza cyane murwego ruto.
Silicon nanowires yerekana uburyo bwiza bwa nanostructure. Amprius Technologies yatangije 100% silicon nanowire anode ikura perpendicular kubakusanya ubu. Ubu bwubatsi butuma buri nanowire yaguka muburyo butabangamiye abaturanyi, ikomeza guhuza amashanyarazi mumagare yose. Amprius yatangaje ko ingufu zingana na 435 Wh / kg mu mbuga zabo za SiCore, zikaba zisumba cyane bateri zisanzwe za grafite kuri 250-280 Wh / kg.
Ikibazo hamwe na nanostructuring kiri mubipimo byo gukora nigiciro. Gukora nanostructures imwe bisaba inzira zinoze zongera ibiciro byumusaruro ugereranije no gutunganya bisanzwe bya grafite.
Silicon - Ibikoresho bya Carbone
Kuvanga silikoni hamwe nibikoresho bya karubone byerekana uburyo bwiza bwo gucuruza muri iki gihe. Matrike ya karubone itanga ubufasha bwa mashini, ikomeza amashanyarazi, kandi ikora ahantu hatagaragara hagomba kwaguka silikoni.
Itsinda14 Technologies ryateje imbere silicon - karubone ikomatanya yitwa SCC55 ikoresheje imiterere ya scafold. Ibice byinshi bya karubone byubaka silikoni mumwanya wimbere, bitanga icyumba cyagutse mugukomeza ubusugire bwimiterere. Ibi bikoresho bifasha ingufu zingana na 50% ugereranije na anode ya grafite kandi igera kuri 80% yubushobozi bwo kwishyuza muminota 5 mugihe cyo kwipimisha. Mu mpera za 2024, telefone zirenga miliyoni 1 zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya Group14 zinjiye ku isoko binyuze mu bufatanye n’abakora nka Cyubahiro.
Silicon - kugeza - igipimo cya karubone kigira ingaruka zikomeye kumikorere. Ibikoresho bya silicon yo hasi (5-15% kuburemere) bigabanya ibibazo byo kwaguka ariko bitanga ubushobozi buke gusa. Ibirungo byinshi bya silikoni (30-50%) bitanga ingufu nziza ariko bisaba ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gucunga ibibazo bya mashini. Ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi byubu bikoresha silikoni 10-20% kuburemere, kuringaniza inyungu zikorwa mubuzima bwikigihe.
Ingamba zo Gufata no Gushira
Ibirindiro bikingira bikora buffer hagati ya silicon na electrolyte, bigahindura urwego rwa SEI no kugabanya ubushobozi bugenda bugabanuka. Ibikoresho bya karubone nibisanzwe, ariko okiside yicyuma, polymers, na graphene nabyo byerekana amasezerano.
Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Stanford berekanye microparticles ya silicon ikubiye mu bishishwa bya graphene bifunga kuvunika no gukomeza ubusugire bw’imiterere mu gihe cyo gusiganwa ku magare. Graphene itanga imbaraga zubukanishi hamwe na SEI ihamye. Ibi bice byageze ku bushobozi hafi ya 3,300 mAh / g hamwe nubuzima bwiza bwikigereranyo ugereranije na silicon yambaye ubusa.
Sila Nanotechnologies ikoresha uburyo butandukanye bwo kubika hamwe na silicon nanoparticles ibitse mumashanyarazi ya karubone. Ubwubatsi bwa scafold butuma silicon yaguka kurwego rwibice mugihe irinda electrode - urwego kubyimba. Igicuruzwa cya mbere cy’ubucuruzi cya Sila cyashyizwe ahagaragara muri Whoop 4.0 fitness tracker mu 2021, kandi isosiyete yafatanije na Mercedes - Benz kwinjiza ikoranabuhanga ryayo muri G - Class SUV mu 2026.
Amashanyarazi ya Electrolyte
Guhindura chimie electrolyte itanga ubundi buryo bwo kunoza imikorere ya silicon anode idahinduye imikorere yibikorwa. Inyongeramusaruro nka karubone ya fluoroethylene (FEC) na karubone ya vinylene ifasha gukora ibice bya SEI bihamye byakira neza impinduka zijwi.
Litiyumu difluoro (bisoxalato) fosifate (LiDFBOP) yerekanye amasezerano yihariye. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko 2% inyongera ya LiDFBOP ikora urwego rworoshye rwa SEI hamwe no kwihanganira kwaguka kwa silicon. SEI yahinduwe yorohereza ubwikorezi bwa lithium ion imwe, kugabanya imihangayiko yimbere no gukomeza ubusugire bwibice binyuze mumagare.
Ubwoko bwa Silicon Anode Iboneza
Ubucuruzi niterambere rya silicon anode iri mubyiciro byinshi bishingiye kubirimo silikoni nuburyo bwimiterere.
Hasi - Silicon Anode (5-15% silicon):Izi mvange zerekana ubucuruzi bwa silicon yambere yubucuruzi. Ongeraho bike bya silicon kuri grafite anode itanga 10 - 20% kuzamura ubushobozi hamwe nihungabana rito mubikorwa bihari. Abakora inganda zikomeye zirimo Panasonic na LG bashizemo imvange ya silicon nkeya muri bateri zimwe zamashanyarazi. Tesla yemeje mu 2015 ko bateri ya Model S irimo inyongeramusaruro ya silicon yiyongereyeho hafi 6%.
Hagati - Silicon Anode (20-50% silicon):Iki cyiciro cyibanda kubikorwa byingenzi byunguka mugihe gikomeza ubuzima bwuzuye. Ibigo nka Enevate na NanoGraf byibanda kuriyi ntera, ukoresheje tekinoroji ya nanostructures hamwe nubuhanga. NanoGraf yububiko bwa silicon alloy yubatswe ituma ibyuma mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora, bigafasha imwe mumbaraga zikomeye kwisi - yuzuye 18650 lithium - ion.
High-Silicon Anodes (>70% silicon):Ibishushanyo byibanze byingufu zingana kubisabwa aho uburemere nubunini ari inzitizi zikomeye - ikirere, ikirere, hamwe na - imikorere ya elegitoroniki. Amprius na Enovix bayobora iki cyiciro. Ubwubatsi bwa 3D ya Enovix ifite ibikoresho byinshi - bya silicon byageze ku mbaraga zingana zingana na 900 Wh / L muburyo bwa selile EX-1M.
Silicon - Igikoresho gikomeye - Anode ya Leta:Icyiciro kigaragara gihuza anode ya silicon na electrolytite ikomeye aho kuba electrolytite. Uburyo bukomeye - uburyo bwa leta bukuraho ibibazo byinshi byamazi ya electrolyte bihuza byadindije iterambere rya silicon anode. Ubufatanye bwa 2021 hagati ya UC San Diego na LG Energy Solutions bwerekanye bateri ya leta ya silicon anode ikomeye - hamwe na silikoni 99,9% kuburemere, ikomeza ubushobozi burenga 80% nyuma yizunguruka 500. Sulfide ikomeye ya electrolyte ikora intera ihamye - yindege hamwe na silikoni yakira neza kwaguka kwinshi kuruta electrolytike.
Iterambere ryubucuruzi no Kwinjira ku isoko
Ubuhanga bwa Silicon anode bwavuye mubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire bugera ku bicuruzwa mu bucuruzi mu 2024-2025, hamwe n’amasosiyete menshi agera ku rugero rwo gukora.
Kwagura ubushobozi bw'umusaruro
Ubushobozi bwo gukora ku isi hose kuri silicon - burimo ibikoresho bya anode byarenze amasaha 500 gigawatt - mu mpera za 2024, ibyo bikaba byiyongereyeho 234% guhera mu 2023. Iri gipimo cyihuse kigaragaza icyizere cyiyongera mu bucuruzi bwa silicon anode.
Sila Nanotechnologies irimo kubaka ikigo cya GWh 20 mu kiyaga cya Moses, i Washington, biteganijwe ko kizatanga ibikoresho bya anode bihagije ku mashanyarazi miliyoni imwe buri mwaka iyo ikora neza. Kugeza ubu iyi sosiyete ikora ikigo cy’icyitegererezo i Alameda, muri Californiya, ikaba yarabonye ubufatanye n’abakora amamodoka akomeye arimo Mercedes - Benz na BMW.
Group14 Technologies ikora ikigo cya GWh 10 muri Koreya yepfo binyuze mumushinga uhuriweho na SK Materials, umusaruro utangira mu mpera za 2024. Uruganda rwa kabiri rw’isosiyete yo muri Amerika (BAM-2) i Moses Lake, Washington, ruzongerera ubushobozi 20 GWh. Itsinda14 ryatangaje ko ryagejeje ibikoresho bya SCC55 ku barenga 100 EV hamwe n’abakora batiri ku isi kugeza muri Nzeri 2024.
Amprius Technologies yagabanije ikigo cyayo cya Fremont, muri Californiya kuva kilowatt - kugeza kuri megawatt capacity- ubushobozi bw’isaha mu 2023.
Porogaramu yimodoka
Abakora ibinyabiziga bikomeye biyemeje gukoresha tekinoroji ya silicon anode yimodoka yimashanyarazi iri hafi. General Motors yafatanije na OneD Battery Science kugirango yinjize silicon nanowires muri selile ya Ultium ya GM. Uburyo bwa OneD butera silikoni nanowire mu ifu ya grafite, yibanda kuri 350 Wh / kg yuzuye ingufu hamwe na 80% yishyuza muminota 10 ku giciro cyiyongereye kiri munsi ya $ 2 kuri kilowatt -.
Porsche yashoye imari muri Group14 Technologies ifite gahunda yo kwinjiza silicon - anode ya karubone mu binyabiziga by’amashanyarazi guhera mu 2025. Ubufatanye bugamije gutanga bateri byibuze 600.000 za EV buri mwaka umusaruro wuzuye utangiye.
Mercedes - Benz yatangaje ko hinjijwe ibikoresho bya silicon anode ya Sila Nanotechnologies muri G - SUV yo mu mwaka wa 2026, iteganya kuzamura ingufu za batiri 10-15%. Ibi bikurikira BMW yatangaje mbere gahunda zisa.
Mu Kwakira 2024, Itsinda rya POSCO ryarangije uruganda rukora ibikoresho bya silicon anode i Pohang, muri Koreya yepfo, rufite ubushobozi bwa toni 550 - buri mwaka zihagije zo gushyigikira ibinyabiziga by’amashanyarazi 275.000. Ikigo cyerekana POSCO yuzuye ya silicon anode yumusaruro, uhereye kubikoresho byabanjirije ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga.
Kohereza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki
Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi byatanze tekinoroji ya silicon anode yambere yambere ku isoko kubera ingano ya bateri ntoya no kwihanganira ibiciro bihendutse. Whoop 4.0 fitness tracker, yashyizwe ahagaragara muri Nzeri 2021, ibaye isoko rya mbere - ibicuruzwa byisoko ukoresheje ibikoresho bya silicon anode ya Sila, byerekana ubuzima bwa batiri bwiyongereyeho 20% muburyo bumwe.
Smartphone ya Magic7 Pro ya Smart, yasohotse mu mpera za 2024, igaragaramo bateri ya silicon - ya karubone ikoresheje ibikoresho bya SCC55 ya Group14 ifite ubushobozi bugera kuri 5.850 mAh - hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ibikoresho bigereranywa ukoresheje anode isanzwe.
Muri Gicurasi 2025, TDK Corporation yatangaje ko yihutisha amashanyarazi akurikira ya - ya silicon anode yatangijwe yibanda ku bice bya terefone ikora -. Isosiyete ifite intego yo kwinjiza tekinoroji ya silicon anode mubikoresho byamamaye muri 2025-2026.
Ibiranga imikorere nubucuruzi - off
Imikorere nyayo - imikorere ya silicon anode yerekana ibyiza byombi nibishobora kugarukira ugereranije na base ya grafite.
Ingufu Ziyongera
Ibicuruzwa bya silicon anode yubucuruzi byerekana 20-50% byiterambere ryingufu zurwego rwakagari, nubwo ibi bitagerwaho nibyiza bya silicon nibyiza 10x kubera ubwubatsi bukenewe. Ihuriro rya SiCore ya Amprius igera ku mbaraga za gravimetric zingana na 360-435 Wh / kg ukurikije iboneza, ugereranije na 250-280 Wh / kg kuri selile ya grafite. Iterambere ryingufu zingana zingana kuva 30-50%, bigafasha paki nyinshi zipakiye kubushobozi bungana.
Ubushobozi bwo Kwishyuza Byihuse
Silicon anode yerekana ibyiringiro byihuse - ibiranga kwishyuza. Itsinda rya SCC55 rya Group14 ryageze kuri 80% yumushahara mugihe cyiminota 5 mugihe cyo kugerageza hamwe nabakora bateri. Enevate ya silicon - bateri yiganje yerekanaga 80% yishyuza muminota hafi 10 mumagare yumuriro wa moto yumurabyo, itanga kilometero zigera kuri 220.
Amashanyarazi yatunganijwe neza aturuka kuri silicon yo hejuru ya lisiyumu yo gukwirakwiza hamwe na nanostructures yubatswe igabanya intera ikwirakwizwa. Nyamara, kwishyuza byihuse byongera ibibazo byo kwagura amajwi, bisaba kuringaniza neza hagati yikigereranyo cyubuzima nubuzima bwikiziga.
Inzitizi z'ubuzima
Ubuzima bwikizunguruka bukomeza kuba silicon anode igarukira. Mugihe bateri ya grafite isanzwe igera kumuzingo 1.000-3000 mbere yo kugera kubushobozi bwa 80%, bateri ya silicon anode mubusanzwe yerekana inzinguzingo 300-1000 bitewe nibirimo silikoni nuburyo ikora.
Ibirungo byinshi bya silicon mubisanzwe bifitanye isano no kugabanya ubuzima bwinzira. Amprius inyandiko yerekana ko batteri zayo zigera kuri 300 zuzura zuzuye zuzuye, ariko ubuzima bwikizunguruka bugenda butera imbere kuburyo bwimbitse. Gukorera kuri 30% byubujyakuzimu aho kuba 100% birashobora kongera ubuzima bwikurikiranya byikurikiranya.
Ubushyuhe bukabije bugira ingaruka no mubuzima bwinzira. Silicon anode ikora nabi munsi ya dogere 0 kandi igabanuka vuba hejuru ya dogere 45 ugereranije na grafite. Ingengabihe yo gusaza - gutakaza ubushobozi mugihe cyo kubika - igenda yihuta muri bateri ya silicon anode, nubwo ibyashizweho vuba byateye imbere cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwa Argonne National Laboratory bwerekanye ko silikoni ya anode ya kalendari ubuzima bwatangiye kuva mu mwaka umwe hashize imyaka itanu kugeza ku myaka 5-10 hamwe nikoranabuhanga rigezweho.
Ibitekerezo byumutekano
Ubucucike buri hejuru busanzwe bushyira ingufu nyinshi mubunini bwatanzwe, birashobora kongera ubukana bwumuriro. Ikigeragezo cya injeniyeri yubushakashatsi cyerekanye ko uko silicon anode ingirabuzimafatizo yiyongera, niko ubukana bwumuriro bukabije bitewe nubushobozi bwinshi. Ibi bigora igishushanyo mbonera cya batiri, bisaba gucunga neza ubushyuhe hamwe na sisitemu yo kubika.
Uburyo bukomeye - leta ya silicon anode irashobora gutanga ibyiza byumutekano. Amashanyarazi akomeye akuraho electrolyte yaka umuriro, bikagabanya cyane ibyago byumuriro. Nyamara, ikoranabuhanga rikomeye - rihura n’ibikorwa byaryo bwite ndetse n’ibiciro byadindije ubucuruzi bukabije.
Ibitekerezo byubukungu ninganda
Igiciro nogukora ibipimo byerekana silicon anode tekinoroji yubucuruzi nkibikorwa bya tekiniki.
Ibiciro by'ibikoresho
Silicon ubwayo ni myinshi kandi ihendutse - nikintu cya kabiri gikunze kugaragara mubutaka bwisi. Nyamara, gutunganya silikoni muri bateri - ibikoresho byo mu rwego hamwe nubuziranenge bukwiye, ingano yingirakamaro, nuburyo byongera ikiguzi gikomeye. Ibikoresho bya silicon anode bigura hafi $ 20-50 kuri kilo ugereranije $ 10-15 kuri kilo kuri grafite.
Iki giciro cya premium kigabanuka kurwego rwakagari. Kubera ko silikoni itanga ubushobozi buri kuri garama, ibikoresho bike birakenewe mububiko bungana. Amasosiyete nka OneD Battery Science avuga ko silicon nanowire yongerewe igiciro cyamadorari $ 2 kuri kilowatt - isaha kurwego rwakagari - kwiyongera gake mubiciro bya bateri muri rusange.
Ibiciro byo gukora biratandukanye cyane muburyo bwo kwegera. Silicon nanowires isaba imyuka yihariye cyangwa uburyo bwo gukura bwimiti nigishoro - cyane. Silicon {3}
Guhuza ibicuruzwa
Guhuza na lithium iriho - imirongo ikora batiri ya ion bigira ingaruka zikomeye mugihe cyo kwakirwa mubucuruzi. Uburyo busaba ibikoresho bishya byumusaruro bihura nigihe kirekire cyiterambere hamwe nigiciro kinini.
Hasi - kugeza - ibikoresho bya silicon yo hagati yibigize bigabanuka mubikorwa bihari byakozwe hamwe no guhindura bike. Abakora bateri barashobora gusimbuza silicon - ivangwa rya karubone kuri grafite yuzuye ukoresheje igifuniko gisanzwe, kalendari, nibikoresho byo guteranya selile. Uku guhuza gusobanura impamvu silicon - ibinyabuzima bya karubone hamwe na 10 - 30% bya silikoni bigera ku isoko byihuse kuruta silikoni ndende cyangwa silikoni yegeranye.
Silode nziza ya anode hamwe nubwubatsi bugezweho busaba ibikoresho kabuhariwe. Imikurire ya nanowire ya Amprius ikoresha imirongo yumusaruro nyirizina idahuye na lithium isanzwe - inganda. Mugihe ibi bitera inzitizi zipiganwa, binagabanya amahirwe yubufatanye nabashinzwe gukora bateri kandi bigabanya umuvuduko.
Gutanga Urunigi
Silicon anode itanga urunana iragaragara ariko ikomeza kuba idakuze kuruta grafite ya anode itanga. Ibikoresho byinshi bya silicon anode biva mubigo byihariye byo gutangiza aho gutanga ibikoresho byashizweho. Mugihe ibyifuzo bigenda byiyongera, uruganda rukora imiti nibikoresho byinjira kumasoko.
Metallurgical - silicon yo mu rwego rwa - ikorwa ku bwinshi ku nganda zikoresha ingufu za semiconductor n’izuba - itanga ubushobozi buke -. Coreshell, yatangiriye mu karere ka Bay, yatsindiye igihembo cya miliyoni y'amadorali muri 2024 Gutangira - Igikombe cyisi cyo guteza imbere silicon metallurgical anode y’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, cyane cyane zikemura inzitizi z’ibiciro. Uburyo bwabo bukoresha silikoni ikomoka mu gihugu imbere mu bucuruzi - igipimo cya 60 Ah selile, birashobora kugabanya gushingira kumurongo utangwa na silikoni itunganijwe.
Silicon Anode na Litiyumu - Ibyingenzi bya Batiri
Kugira ngo twumve impamvu anode ya silicon yerekana iterambere ryingenzi, dukeneye kubanza gusubiza:bateri ya lithium ionikoranabuhanga kandi rikora rite? Gusobanukirwa anode ya silicon bisaba imiterere yukuntu bateri ya lithium - ion ikora murwego rwibanze.
Litiyumu - bateri zibika kandi zikarekura ingufu binyuze mumiti ihindagurika. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ioni ya lithium iva muri anode ikoresheje electrolyte ikagera kuri cathode, mugihe electron zinyura mumuzinga wo hanze zikoresha ibikoresho byamashanyarazi. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, inzira irahindukira: amashanyarazi atwara lithium ion asubira kuri anode aho yabitswe.
Akazi ka anode ni kwakira lithium ion mugihe cyo kwishyuza no kuyirekura mugihe cyo gusohora. Igishushanyo kibigeraho binyuze muri intercalation - lithium ion kunyerera hagati ya graphene murwego rwa grafitike ya kristu. Ubu buryo bugabanya ubushobozi kuko imiterere ya grafite irashobora kwakira atome imwe ya lithium kuri atome ya karubone esheshatu.
Silicon ibika lithium ibinyujije aho guhuza intercalation. Litiyumu atom ihuza na atome ya silicon, ikora lithium - silicon alloys (LixSi aho x iri hagati ya 0 na 3.75). Ubu buryo bwo kuvanga butuma lithium ihanitse cyane kuri buri gice, isobanura ubushobozi bwa silicon.
Anode ikora hamwe nibindi bikoresho bya batiri muri sisitemu ihuriweho. Cathode - mubisanzwe oxyde ya lithium nka lithium nikel manganese cobalt oxyde (NMC) - itanga ioni ya lithium kandi ikemera electron mugihe cyo gusohora. Electrolyte ikora lithium ion ariko ntabwo ikora electron, ikomeza gutandukanya amafaranga. Gutandukanya ibice bitandukanya anode na cathode mugihe yemerera gutwara ionic.
Silicon anode igomba kwinjiza muri sisitemu itabangamiye imikorere yizindi ngingo. Ikibazo cyo kwagura amajwi kiba ingorabahizi cyane kuko kireba inteko yose ya electrode, ntabwo ari uduce twa silicon gusa. Kwaguka kugoreka imiterere ituma electrolyte yinjira, igahindura inyongeramusaruro ya karubone itanga ubworoherane, kandi ikanogosha polymer ihuza ibintu byose hamwe.
Icyerekezo n'ibibazo bisigaye
Tekinoroji ya Silicon anode ikomeje gutera imbere byihuse, hamwe ninzira nyinshi ziterambere zerekana amasezerano yo kuzamura -.
Ibirimo bya Silicon yo hejuru
Ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi bikoresha 10 - 30% silicon kuburemere, hasigara umwanya munini wo gutera imbere. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku gushoboza 50-80% bya silicon mugihe ukomeza ubuzima bwemewe. Intsinzi yazana selile-urwego rwimikorere hafi ya silicon nibyiza.
Inzira igana kuri silicon yo hejuru iterwa niterambere rikomeje muri nanostructuring, igishushanyo mbonera, hamwe na chimie ya electrolyte. Abashakashatsi bamwe bakurikirana ibyiciro bikomatanya umunzani muremure - silicon nanoparticles yashyizwe muri microscale ya karubone, urugero - kugirango bakwirakwize neza imihangayiko.
Ubuhanga bwa Prelithiation
Silicon anode ikoresha lithiyumu ihambaye mugihe cyambere cya SEI, igabanya imikorere ya mbere - muburyo bwa 70-85% ugereranije na 90-95% kuri grafite. Ubu bushobozi budasubirwaho gutakaza lithium ivuye muri cathode, bigabanya ingufu za bateri muri rusange.
Prelithiation yishyura wongeyeho lithium yinyongera kuri anode mbere yiteraniro ryakagari, ikuraho igihombo cyambere -. Ubuhanga bukubiyemo ibyuma bya lithium itaziguye, lithiation ya chimique ukoresheje ibinyabuzima bya organolithium, hamwe na prelithiation ya electrochemic. Mugihe tekinike igenda neza, prelithiation yongeraho intambwe yo gutunganya nigiciro, kugabanya kwakirwa kurwego rwo hejuru -.
Binders
Polimeri ihuza ibikoresho bifatika kubakusanyirizo bafite uruhare rudashimishije mubikorwa bya silicon anode. Ibikoresho bya polyvinylidene bisanzwe (PVDF) ntibishobora kwihanganira kwaguka kwa silikoni, biganisha ku gusibanganya no kugabanuka.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muburyo bwihariye bwerekanye abakandida benshi batanga ikizere. Acide Polyacrylic (PAA) na carboxymethyl selulose (CMC) bigira umurunga ukomeye hamwe na silicon kandi bikarambura neza mugihe cyo kwaguka. Binders zimwe zateye imbere zirimo kwifata - imiti yo gukiza - iminyururu ya polymer ivugurura imvano nyuma yo kumeneka, igakomeza ubusugire bwa electrode binyuze mumuzingo myinshi.
Igikomeye - Kwishyira hamwe kwa Leta
Guhuza silicon anode hamwe na - leta ya electrolytite yerekana uburyo bushobora guhinduka. Electrolytike ikomeye ikuraho ibibazo bya silicon hamwe na electrolytite yamazi mugihe itanga ibyiza byumutekano. Bateri ya - ya batiri ya silicon yerekanwe na UC San Diego na LG Energy Solutions mu 2021 yerekanaga ko interineti ikomeye ya electrolyte ikomeye ibuza kwaguka kwa silikoni kuruta electrolytike y’amazi yinjira mu bice.
Nyamara, bateri zikomeye - za leta zihura n’ibibazo byazo byo gucuruza harimo gukora inganda, guhangana n’imiterere, hamwe n’ibiciro. Silicon anode irashobora kwinjira muri bateri zikomeye - nyuma ya sisitemu isanzwe ya electrolyte isanzwe.
Igishushanyo mbonera
Kwiga imashini no kubara byerekana bigenda byihuta iterambere rya silicon anode. Abashakashatsi bakoresha imibare yimikorere yibikorwa kugirango bahanure ibihimbano bya SEI, ingero za molekuliyumu zigereranya imiterere yubukanishi, hamwe na algorithms yo kwiga imashini kugirango bahindure imikorere.
Ibi bikoresho bigabanya ikigeragezo - na - kugerageza ikosa muguhitamo ibintu bitanga ikizere mbere yo guhuza. Batanga kandi ubushishozi muburyo bwo kunanirwa bigoye kubigerageza, bigatanga ibisubizo bigamije.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Nigute silicon anode igereranya na grafite anode mubikorwa nyabyo -?
Silicon anode itanga 20 - 50% byingufu zingana mubicuruzwa byubucuruzi, nubwo ibi bidahuye nibyiza bya 10x kubera ubucuruzi bwubuhanga - off. Bashoboza kwishyurwa byihuse - akenshi bigera kuri 80% muminota 5-15-ariko kuri ubu bitanga ubuzima bwigihe gito, mubisanzwe 300-1000 ugereranije na 1.000-3000 kuri grafite. Igiciro gikomeza kuba kinini, nubwo premium igabanuka uko umunzani wo gukora uzamuka.
Nihe ijanisha rya silicon ikoreshwa muri bateri yubucuruzi?
Batteri nyinshi yubucuruzi ya silicon anode irimo silikoni 10 - 30% kuburemere, ahasigaye ni grafite na karubone. Igishushanyo cyiza gisigaye cyiganje ku isoko rusange. Ibicuruzwa bya silicon biri hasi biringaniza imikorere irwanya ubuzima bwinzira ningorane zo gukora. Ibirungo byinshi bya silicon (50-100%) bibaho mubikorwa byihariye nk'ikirere ariko ntibirashoboka kubicuruzwa rusange.
Kuki silicon yaguka cyane mugihe cyo kwishyuza?
Silicon iraguka kuko atome ya lithium ihuza neza na atome ya silicon aho kwinjiza gusa hagati yuburyo nka grafite. Iyi reaction ivanze ikora lithium - ivangwa rya silicon (kugeza kuri Li₃.₇₅Si) ifata amajwi menshi kuruta silikoni yera - kwaguka hafi 300-400%. Kwaguka birahinduka ariko bitera imbaraga za mashini zangiza imiterere ya electrode hejuru yinzinguzingo.
Ni ryari silicon anode ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bizaboneka henshi?
Abakora amamodoka menshi bateganya silicon anode EV itangiza hagati ya 2025 - 2027. Mercedes - Benz yatangaje G-Class SUV hamwe na Sila silicon anode mu 2026, mugihe GM irimo kwinjiza tekinoroji ya OneD muri bateri ya Ultium. Porsche yafatanije na Group14 muri 2025 yoherejwe. Nyamara, ibicuruzwa byambere bizakoresha ibintu bya silicon iringaniye (birashoboka 15-30%), hamwe na silicon yo hejuru igaragara nyuma yimyaka icumi uko ikoranabuhanga rimaze gukura.
Gushyira mu bikorwa no Kwishyira hamwe
Ku masosiyete n'abashakashatsi bakorana na tekinoroji ya silicon anode, ibintu byinshi bifatika bigena ishyirwa mubikorwa neza.
Ubwubatsi bwa electrode busaba kuringaniza ibintu byinshi. Ingano ya Silicon igira ingaruka kumacumbi yo kwaguka no gutwara amashanyarazi. Utuntu duto (nanoscale) dukora kwaguka neza ariko tugakora ubuso bunini bwo gushinga SEI. Ubunini bwa electrode bugira ingaruka ku bwinshi bwingufu nubushobozi bwikigereranyo - electrode nini cyane ibika ingufu nyinshi ariko igabanya umuvuduko wo kwishyurwa kubera intera ndende yo gutwara ion.
Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ikeneye kuvugururwa kuri bateri ya silicon anode. Leta - ya - igereranya ryamafaranga igereranya algorithms yahinduwe kuri grafite ntishobora gukorana neza na silicon kubera imirongo itandukanye ya voltage. Kwishyuza protocole ikoreshwa neza kuri grafite irashobora kwihuta kwangirika muri bateri ya silicon. Imicungire yubushyuhe irakomeye cyane bitewe nubushyuhe bwa silicon nubushyuhe bwinshi.
Porogaramu - optimizasiyo yihariye igena ibirimo silikoni ikwiye hamwe nigishushanyo cya batiri. Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi birashobora kwihanganira ubuzima bwigihe gito (imyaka 2-3) kugirango habeho ingufu nyinshi no kwishyurwa byihuse. Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bikenera ubuzima bwigihe kirekire (imyaka 8-10) nubwo ibyo bisaba ibintu bike bya silicon. Ububiko bwa gride bushyira imbere ibiciro hamwe nubuzima bwikurikiranya hejuru yubucucike bwingufu, birashoboka kugabanya ibyiza bya silicon.
Ibipimo nubushobozi bwa bateri ya silicon anode biracyatera imbere. Lithium gakondo - ibizamini bya batiri ya ion ntishobora guhangayikishwa bihagije na anode ya silicon cyangwa guhanura uburyo nyabwo - uburyo bwo gutsindwa kwisi. Ibipimo byinshi byo gupima protocole isuzuma ingaruka zo kwaguka kwijwi, ituze rya SEI, hamwe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe mubihe byinshi bifasha kumenya ibibazo bishobora kubaho mbere yubucuruzi.
Ibi byerekana ikoranabuhanga rigenda ryiyongera aho imikorere myiza ikomeza gutera imbere. Ababyaye kare bagomba gutegereza kunonosorwa nkuko uburambe bufatika.
Silicon anode irerekana intambwe igaragara yiterambere rya tekinoroji ya batiri, itanga ingufu nyinshi kandi ikanatanga umuvuduko mwinshi hejuru ya grafite. Ikoranabuhanga ryateye imbere kuva amatsiko ya laboratoire kugera mubikorwa byubucuruzi, hamwe namasosiyete menshi akora ibikoresho bya silicon anode ku gipimo n’abakora inganda zikomeye babishyira mu bicuruzwa.
Nyamara silicon anode ntabwo ari igisubizo cyuzuye kubibazo byose bya batiri. Kwagura amajwi bikomeje kuba ikibazo cyibanze gisaba ubuhanga buhanitse bwo kuyobora. Iterambere ryubuzima burakomeje, ariko bateri ya silicon iracyatinda grafite mugihe kirekire. Ibiciro byigiciro birakomeza, nubwo bigenda bigabanuka nkibipimo byumusaruro.
Inzira ifatika itera imbere irimo ibintu bya silicon buhoro buhoro byiyongera uko ibisubizo bikuze. Uyu munsi 10 - 30% bateri ya silicon yerekana icyiciro cya mbere. Ibintu byinshi bya silicon bizagaragara mu mpera za 2020 nkuko nanostructuring, ibishushanyo mbonera, hamwe na chimie ya electrolyte itera imbere. Amaherezo, hafi-yuzuye ya silicon anode irashobora kuba ingirakamaro mubikorwa byihariye, mugihe ibintu bya silicon biringaniye bikora amasoko rusange.
Ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi, hamwe nububiko bwa gride, anode ya silicon itanga iterambere ryiza mubipimo byimikorere bifite akamaro kubakoresha amaherezo: intera ndende, kwishyurwa byihuse, nibintu bito bito. Agaciro keza - ntabwo ari theoretical maximums - bizakomeza gukomeza kwakirwa no gutunganya tekinoroji ya silicon anode.
