Oxide ya Litiyumu ni iki?

Litiyumu cobalt oxyde (LiCoO₂) ni imiti ikoreshwa nkibikoresho bya cathode muri bateri ya lithium - ion cyane cyane kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Igizwe na ioni ya lithium, atome ya cobalt muburyo bwa okiside +3, hamwe na ogisijeni itunganijwe muburyo bwa kristaline ituma ion igenda neza mugihe cyo kwishyuza bateri no gusohora. Nka kimwe mu bikoresho bya cathode byamenyekanye cyane mumuryango wa batiri ya lithium, LCO yatangije ubucuruzi bwa lithium yumuriro - ion mu 1991.

Ubwubatsi bwa molekuline ya lithium cobalt oxyde isobanura imikorere ya bateri. Uru ruganda rugizwe na hegitari esheshatu ya kirisiti ya kirisiti aho lithium cations (Li⁺) yicara hagati yimpapuro ndende za cobalt na atome ya ogisijeni. Iyi cobalt - urwego rwa ogisijeni ikora impande - igabana octahedra, igakora imiyoboro inyuramo ioni ya lithium ishobora kugenda mu bwisanzure.

Atome ya cobalt ihuza hamwe na ogisijeni ikora CoO₆ octahedrons, mugihe lithium ikora intege nke za ionic hamwe na atome ya ogisijeni ikikije. Iri tandukanyirizo ryimbaraga zorohereza gukuramo lithium ion mugihe cyo kwishyuza - imbaraga za Co - O zikomeye zihindura imiterere mugihe zemerera Li⁺ guhunga. Kirisiti ni iyitsinda rya R - 3m mumwanya wa Hermann-Mauguin, byerekana guhuza inshuro eshatu.

Imiterere yacyo yuzuye, LiCoO₂ igaragara nkubururu bwijimye cyangwa ubururu - imikara ya kristaline ikomeye ifite ubushobozi bwa 274 mAh / g. Ubucucike bwibintu bugera kuri 5.1 g / cm³, hamwe nubucucike bufatika bugera kuri 4.2 g / cm³ - hejuru cyane mubikoresho bisanzwe bya cathode. Ubucucike budasanzwe busobanurwa neza nubucucike bwingufu zingana, inyungu ikomeye kumwanya - ibikoresho bibujijwe.

Mugihe cyo kwishyuza bateri, cobalt igice cya okiside kuva Co³⁺ kugeza Co⁴⁺ nkuko lithium ion itandukana hanyuma ikerekeza kuri anode. Ibi birema ibice bitari - stoichiometric bigereranywa nka LiₓCoO₂ aho 0

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Gusobanukirwabateri ya lithiumitangirana no kumenya ko ari amashanyarazi yumuriro aho lithium ion yimuka hagati ya electrode kugirango ibike kandi irekure ingufu. LCO ikora nk'isoko n'aho igana kuri ion kuri electrode nziza. Muburyo busanzwe bwa bateri ya LCO, cathode irimo okiside ya lithium cobalt, anode ikoresha karubone ya grafitike, na electrolyte yumunyu wa lithium ituma ion itwara hagati yabo.

Iyo wishyuye igikoresho, ioni ya lithium ikura muri cathode ya cobalt, ukanyura muri electrolyte, ukanyura muri microporome itandukanya, hanyuma ugahuza imiterere ya grafite anode. Inzira irahindukira mugihe cyo gusohora - ion zisubira muri cathode mugihe electron zinyura mumuzinga wo hanze kugirango zikoreshe ibikoresho byawe. Ubu buryo "kunyeganyeza intebe" butanga Li - ion bateri imiterere yabyo.

Batteri ya LCO itanga voltage nominal hafi 3.7V hamwe no kugabanuka kwishyurwa kuri 4.2V. Ikibaya cya voltage gikomeza kuba kinini mugice kinini cyisohoka, gitanga amashanyarazi ahamye. Umuvuduko wakazi ukora urwego rwa -20 kugeza kuri dogere 55 bituma LCO ikwiranye nabaguzi benshi, nubwo imikorere igabanuka kubushyuhe bukabije.

Ubushobozi bwihariye hamwe nubucucike bwingufu byatumye iba lithium yambere yamamaye cat- ion cathode mugihe Sony yatangizaga bateri ya LCO - mu 1991. John B. Goodenough na Koichi Mizushima bavumbuye ubushobozi bwa LCO nka electrode ya interineti hagati ya 1980 muri kaminuza ya Oxford, umurimo wagize uruhare muri Goodenough muri 2019 muri Nobel.

Ubucucike Bwinshi

Batteri ya LCO igera ku mbaraga zingana na 150 - 200 Wh / kg, zirenga imiti myinshi. Izi mbaraga - kugeza - igipimo cyibiro bituma abayikora bakora bateri zoroheje, zoroheje kubikoresho byoroshye. Batare ya terefone ikoresha LCO irashobora gutanga igihe kimwe nubundi buryo buremereye mugihe gifite umwanya muto. Ubucucike buri hejuru bwongera inyungu-kuri 4.2 g / cm³, LCO ipakira ibintu bifatika mubunini bwatanzwe kuruta lithium manganese oxyde cyangwa lithium fer fosifate.

Imikorere ihamye ya mashanyarazi

Imiterere ya LCO irwanya gusenyuka mugihe cyamagare asanzwe, bigira uruhare mubushobozi bwo kugumana ubushobozi. Impuzandengo yo gutakaza ubushobozi iguma munsi ya 0,05% kuri buri cyiciro mubihe bisanzwe. Uku gushikama guturuka kumurongo ukomeye Co - O O murwego rwa cobalt oxyde, igumana ubusugire bwimiterere nubwo ioni ya lithium yinjira no hanze. Imicungire ya bateri iba yoroshye mugihe ubushobozi bugenda bukurikiza uburyo buteganijwe.

Umuvuduko Ukabije

Porogaramu ya 3.9V yo gusohora ya bateri ya LCO ituma ingufu zisohoka ugereranije na - chemisties yo hasi. Kubera ko ingufu za bateri zingana na kare ya voltage, iyi platform yazamuye izamura cyane ubwinshi bwingufu. Akagari ka 4.2V LCO ibika ingufu zirenze 3.2V ya lithium fer fosifate yingufu zingana. Umuvuduko mwinshi urasobanura kandi selile nkeya zikenewe murukurikirane rwa progaramu ya voltage yatanzwe, kugabanya ibintu bigoye hamwe nigiciro mubishushanyo bimwe.

Gukura

Imyaka mirongo itatu yubucuruzi bwahinduye inganda za LCO muburyo budasanzwe. Ibikorwa byumusaruro birashobora guhora bitanga ibice bifite ubunini kuva kuri nanometero kugeza kuri micrometero bitewe nibisabwa. Ubu buhanga bwo gukora busobanura kugabanya igipimo cy’inenge, icyiciro cyiza - kugeza - icyiciro gihamye, kandi gishyiraho urunigi rwo gutanga. Gitoya - imiterere LCO selile ya elegitoroniki yumuguzi igereranya imwe murwego rukuze kandi ruhenze - tekinoroji ya bateri ikoreshwa muburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Guhangayikishwa nubushyuhe

Batteri ya LCO irashobora kwibasirwa nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe burenze dogere 130 cyangwa mugihe cyo kwishyuza birenze. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, lisiyumu ya cobalt oxyde irabora ikarekura ogisijeni, hanyuma igakora ibintu bidasanzwe hamwe na electrolyte kama. Iyi reaction irashobora gukwirakwira kuri selile yegeranye kandi irashobora gutwika ibikoresho byaka. Mugihe LCO yerekana ituze ryiza kuruta nikel - chemisties ikungahaye, ikomeza kuba ubushyuhe - kurusha lithium fer fosifate cyangwa lithium titanate ubundi buryo.

Inzira z'umutekano mubisanzwe zigabanya bateri ya LCO kugiciro cya 1C no gusohora. Izi ngamba zo gukingira zirinda ubushyuhe bw’ubushyuhe bushobora gutera kubora, ariko kandi bikabuza ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi.

Ubuzima Buzenguruka

Batteri isanzwe ya LCO mubisanzwe igera kuri 500-1000 yumuzingo mbere yuko ubushobozi bugabanuka kugera kuri 80% byumwimerere. Iyi mibereho ntishobora kubaho mubindi bwoko bwa batiri ya lithium: bateri ya lithium fer fosifate itanga inzinguzingo 2000-5000, mugihe bateri ya lithium titanate irashobora kurenga 15,000. Ubuzima bugufi ugereranije ubuzima buturuka kumihindagurikire yimiterere ibaho mugihe cya lithiation na delithiation. Kurwanya imbere byiyongera uko imyaka igenda ishira, bigatuma voltage igabanuka munsi yumutwaro ushobora gutuma bateri idakoreshwa na mbere yuko gutakaza ubushobozi bwibiza bibaho.

Imbaraga zidasanzwe

Mugihe LCO irusha imbaraga ubwinshi bwingufu, itanga imbaraga zidasanzwe. Imiyoboro myinshi isohoka irashobora gutera ubushyuhe bukabije no kwangirika byihuse. Iyi mbogamizi igabanya LCO kubisabwa hamwe ningufu zingufu zisabwa. Ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, nibindi bikoresho byo hejuru - byamazi bikoresha ubundi buryo bwa chimisties nka nikel manganese cobalt (NMC) cyangwa okiside ya lithium manganese yihanganira gushushanya cyane.

Ibibazo byo gutanga Cobalt

Isoko rya lithium cobalt oxyde ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 7.04 z'amadolari mu 2024 kandi imishinga izamuka kuri 6.37% CAGR kugeza 2034, ariko kuboneka kwa cobalt bitera ibibazo. Kurenga 70% by'umusaruro wa cobalt wibanda muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, aho usanga ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro butera impungenge ibidukikije n'ibidukikije. Ibiciro bya Cobalt bihindagurika cyane bishingiye kubintu bya geopolitiki, bigatera ihindagurika ryibiciro kubakora bateri.

Izi ngaruka zo gutanga ibintu byihutishije ubushakashatsi muri cobalt - kubuntu cyangwa kugabanuka - chimisties ya cobalt cathode. Ababikora benshi ubu bavanga LCO na nikel na manganese kugirango bagabanye cobalt mugihe bakomeza imikorere yemewe.

Abaguzi ba elegitoroniki

Bateri ya LCO ikoresha hafi 60% ya bateri ya elegitoroniki y’abaguzi guhera mu 2024, nk’uko imibare y’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu kibitangaza. Amaterefone, mudasobwa zigendanwa, tableti, kamera ya digitale, nibikoresho byambara bishingikiriza cyane ku buhanga bwa LCO. Igihembwe cya mbere cya 2024 cyabonye ibikoresho byo kwambara ku isi byoherejwe bigera kuri miliyoni 113.1, byiyongereyeho 8.8% umwaka - hejuru y’umwaka -, benshi bakoresheje bateri ya LCO.

Igice cya elegitoroniki y’abaguzi gifite 41.5% by’umugabane w’isoko rya LCO mu 2024 kandi biteganijwe ko kizakomeza kwiganza kugeza mu 2037.Icyifuzo kirambye kigaragaza uburinganire bwiza bwa LCO bw’ubucucike bw’ingufu, ibintu byoroshye guhinduka, hamwe n’igiciro cya elegitoroniki ishobora gutwara. Terefone zigendanwa zunguka cyane cyane LCO yubucucike bukabije - abayikora barashobora gukora ibikoresho byoroheje badatanze ubushobozi bwa bateri.

Ibikoresho byubuvuzi

Bateri zishobora kwishyurwa LCO ikora mubikoresho byubuvuzi byatewe harimo pacemakers, defibrillator, na pompe ya insuline. Ihuriro ryingufu nyinshi, ibiranga isohoka rihamye, hamwe nubunini buringaniye bituma LCO ikwiranye nibi bikorwa byingenzi. Intera ndende hagati yumuzunguruko igabanya umutwaro wumurwayi, mugihe amashanyarazi ateganijwe ateganijwe gukora neza.

Gukoresha Ibinyabiziga Bidafite Amashanyarazi

Mugihe LCO yiganjemo bateri zikoresha amashanyarazi hakiri kare, abayikora ahanini bimukiye mumashanyarazi ya litiro. Mu bwoko butandukanye bwa bateri ya lithium iboneka - harimo na fosifate ya lithium fer (LFP), lithium nikel manganese cobalt (NMC), lithium nikel cobalt aluminium (NCA), na lithium titanate (LTO) - buri kimwe gitanga ubucuruzi butandukanye - hagati yubucucike bwingufu, umutekano, ubuzima. Umuhanda wa Tesla wo hambere wakoresheje selile LCO -, ariko isosiyete hamwe nabandi bakora amamodoka bimukiye muri NMC na NCA chimisties zitanga amashanyarazi meza, ituze ryumuriro, nubuzima bwikiziga. Imodoka miliyoni 14 zamashanyarazi zagurishijwe kwisi yose muri 2023 ahanini zikoreshwa nikel - ibikoresho bya cathode bikungahaye kuruta LCO.

LCO yoroheje yoroheje hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro bituma idakwiranye neza na - iriho, byihuse - kwishyuza ibyifuzo byimodoka. Batteri ya EV igomba kurokoka ibihumbi byumuzunguruko kandi ikora neza mubushyuhe bukabije - ibisabwa birenze ubushobozi bwa LCO.

Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Hejuru - Umuvuduko LCO Udushya

Imbaraga zubushakashatsi zibanda ku gusunika ingufu za LCO zirenze urugero rusanzwe rwa 4.2V. Kongera ingufu zumuriro uva kuri 4.2V ukagera kuri 4.45V byongera ubushobozi bwo gusohora kuva mAh / g kugera kuri mAh / g {180} 6}} 28,6%. Kuri 4.6V, ubushobozi bugera kuri 220 mAh / g, bwegera theoretical maximum.

Ikibazo kiri muburyo butajegajega. Iyo yishyuwe kuri 4,6V ku gipimo cya 1C, LCO igumana ubushobozi bwa 50% gusa nyuma yizunguruka 100 na 20% nyuma yizunguruka 200. Gukuramo lithium nyinshi cyane itera intambwe idasubirwaho yinzibacyuho itesha agaciro kristu. Muri Kamena 2024, ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy’Ubwubatsi bwasuzumye ingamba zo guhindura zirimo gutwikira hejuru, gukoporora ibintu nka lanthanum na aluminium, hamwe n’ibice bya morphologie bigenzura kugira ngo bikore neza -.

Inzira y'Isoko

Ibigo byinshi byubushakashatsi ku isoko umushinga utera imbere kuri LCO nubwo uhatanira ubundi buryo bwa chimisties. Ibiciro by'isoko biri hagati ya miliyari 5.17 z'amadolari (Grand View Research) kugeza kuri miliyari 7.04 z'amadolari (Future Research Future) mu 2024, byumvikanyweho hafi 9 - 10% byiyongera buri mwaka kugeza 2030-2034. Agace ka Aziya-Pasifika kiganje mu musaruro no gukoresha, bingana na 50-60% by'imigabane ku isoko mpuzamahanga.

Iterambere ryikura ryerekana ibyifuzo bikenerwa na elegitoroniki yabaguzi aho kwaguka mubikorwa bishya. Mugihe ibikoresho byikwirakwizwa byiyongera kumasoko yiterambere kandi nibicuruzwa bihari bisaba gusimbuza bateri, icyifuzo cya LCO gikurikira inzira yo kuzamuka nubwo ikoranabuhanga rikuze.

Gusubiramo no Kuramba

Ibidukikije hamwe n’imyitwarire ikikije ubucukuzi bwa cobalt byakajije umurego mu gutunganya bateri. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri RSC Sustainability mu 2024 bwerekanye uburyo bwo kuzamura bateri yakoresheje LCO muri NMC111 (nikel - manganese - cobalt) ibikoresho bya cathode binyuze muri acide citric - ishingiye kuri lente na sol - gel. Ubu buryo bukoresha imiti itari - kandi ikanirinda uburyo bwo gukuramo ibintu.

Gutunganya neza birashobora kugabanya umuvuduko wogutanga mugihe hagabanywa ibidukikije byubucukuzi. Nyamara, gushyiraho ibikorwa remezo byo gukusanya no gutunganya bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi, cyane cyane kuri bateri ntoya y'abaguzi ikunze kurangirira mu myanda.

LCO itanga ingufu zingana cyane mubikoresho bya cathode yubucuruzi, bigatuma biba byiza kumwanya - porogaramu zabujijwe. Ugereranije na lithium fer fosifate, LCO itanga imbaraga nyinshi (3.7V vs . 3.2 V) hamwe nubucucike bwingufu ariko umutekano muke wumuriro nubuzima bwikiziga. Ugereranije na NMC chemistries, LCO ifite ibihimbano byoroshye ariko imbaraga zidasanzwe hamwe nibirimo cobalt.

Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zisaba ibikoresho bya cathode bishobora gutwara amashanyarazi menshi, kwishyurwa byihuse, ubuzima bwigihe kirekire (2, 000+ cycle), no gukora mubushuhe bugari. LCO ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe, ubushyuhe bwumuriro hejuru ya dogere 130, hamwe nubuzima bwa 500-1000 burigihe ntibuzuza ibyo bisabwa. Imiti ya NMC na NCA iringaniza neza ingufu zingana, gutanga amashanyarazi, hamwe nigihe kirekire gikenewe mubikoresho byimodoka.

Batteri isanzwe ya LCO igera kuri 500 - 1.000 yuzuye charge- gusohora mbere yo gutesha agaciro 80% byubushobozi bwumwimerere. Ubuzima busanzwe buterwa nuburyo bukoreshwa-igice cyo gusohora igice cyongera ubuzima, mugihe gusohora cyane hamwe nubushyuhe bwinshi byihutisha kwangirika. Kubakoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki hamwe no gukoresha buri munsi, ibi bivuze imyaka igera kuri 2-3 mbere yuko imikorere igaragara igabanuka.

Nibyo, nubwo igipimo cyo gukusanya gikomeza kuba gito kuri bateri zikoresha ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. LCO irimo cobalt ifite agaciro ituma ikoreshwa neza mubukungu. Uburyo bugezweho bwo gutunganya ibintu bukoresha hydrometallurgical cyangwa uburyo bushya bwo kuvugurura ibintu kugirango ugarure ibikoresho bya cathode. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana guhindura LCO yakoreshejwe muri chimisties ya cathode nka NMC, ikagura ibikoresho mugihe hagabanijwe ubucukuzi bwibanze.

Gusobanukirwa imiterere ya lithium cobalt oxyde, ibyiza, nimbogamizi birasobanura ko ikomeje kwiganza mubikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi nubwo imiti ya batiri nshya. Mubice bitandukanye bya bateri ya lithium - aho LFP ishyira imbere umutekano, NMC iringaniza ibipimo ngenderwaho, kandi LTO itanga kuramba gukabije - LCO ikomeza icyicaro cyayo binyuze mubucucike budasanzwe bwumuriro no gukura. Imbaraga zihariye zifatika zemeza ko zifite akamaro kubikoresho bigendanwa, mugihe ubushakashatsi burimo bukemura ibibazo bihamye kugirango hongerwe imipaka. Mugihe tekinoroji ya bateri igenda itera imbere, LCO irerekana ubucuruzi - ibicuruzwa biva mububiko bwingufu zamashanyarazi - nta chimie ya batiri ya lithium irenze urugero mubipimo byose, bigatuma progaramu - optimizasiyo yingenzi muguhitamo bateri.

Inkomoko

Ubushakashatsi bw'isoko Kazoza - Litiyumu Cobalt Oxide Raporo y'Isoko 2024

Ubushakashatsi Bukuru Reba - LCO Isoko Ingano Isesengura 2024-2030

Kamere Nanotehnologiya - Inkomoko yuburyo bwo hejuru - Guhungabana k'umuriro (2021)

Ikinyamakuru Ubwubatsi - Hejuru - Umuvuduko kandi wihuse - Kwishyuza Cathodes ya LCO (Kamena 2024)

Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ingufu - Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi 2023-2024

RSC Kuramba - Kuzamura LCO kuri NMC111 (Mata 2024)

Kaminuza ya Batteri - Ubwoko bwa Litiyumu - Bateri ya Ion

Wikipedia - Litiyumu Cobalt Oxide (Yavuguruwe Nyakanga 2025)