Bateri yimodoka ya Litiyumu Yakozwe kwisi yose

car lithium battery

Imashini ya batiri ya lithium iboneka mumigabane myinshi, hamwe nibikoresho byihariye bitanga selile, modules, hamwe nibikoresho byuzuye bya batiri kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ubushinwa bwiganje hafi 75% yubushobozi bwa batiri yimodoka ya lithium ku isi, bukurikirwa na Koreya yepfo, Ubuyapani, ndetse no kwagura ibikorwa byihuse muburayi no muri Amerika ya ruguru. Ahantu h’ibicuruzwa byinshi harimo Aziya (Ubushinwa, Koreya yepfo, Ubuyapani), Uburayi (Ubudage, Polonye, Hongiriya), na Amerika ya Ruguru (Amerika, Kanada), bifite ibikoresho bigenda bigaragara mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya na Maroc. Inganda zakoze amasaha 894.4 gigawatt - mu 2024, zishyigikira kugurisha amashanyarazi arenga miliyoni 17 kwisi yose.

Inganda za batiri yimodoka ya lithium kwisi yose ikora binyuze murusobe rwibikorwa byihariye byo gukora byibanda mu turere hamwe n’imirenge ikomeye y’imodoka kandi inkunga ya leta. Ubushinwa bugumana umugabane munini hamwe n’amasosiyete nka CATL na BYD igenzura umusaruro uhuriweho hafi 55% y’isoko ry’isi. Izi nganda zikora ibikoresho binini mumijyi nka Ningde, Shanghai, na Chongqing, aho iminyururu ihuriweho itanga igipimo cyihuse.

Koreya y'Epfo n'Ubuyapani bitanga hafi 28% yo gutanga batiri ku isi binyuze mu masosiyete arimo LG Energy Solution, SK On, Samsung SDI, na Panasonic. Inganda z’Abanyakoreya zakajije umurego mu gushinga ibikoresho byo hanze, hamwe n’amasaha agera kuri 400 ya gigawatt - y’umusaruro mpuzamahanga ugereranije n’Ubushinwa 30 GWh n’Ubuyapani 60 GWh mu mahanga.

Uburayi bwagaragaye nkakarere ka gatatu mu nganda zikora inganda, aho Ubudage buza ku isonga rya 262 GWh ziteganijwe mu 2030. Berlin ya Gigafactory ya Tesla, uruganda rwa Thuringia rwa CATL, n’ubufatanye butandukanye n’abakora inganda bo muri Koreya birahindura umugabane uva mu bicuruzwa bitumiza mu mahanga bikabyara umusaruro ukomeye. Polonye yakiriye ikigo cya Wrocław cya LG, kuri ubu uruganda runini rwa batiri mu Burayi rufite ubushobozi bwa 70 GWh rufite gahunda yo kwagura GWh 115. Hongiriya iratera imbere mu ihuriro rikomeye rifite ibikoresho biva muri CATL (irimo kubakwa), SK On, na Samsung, bitanga GWh 210 biteganijwe mu myaka icumi ishize.

Umusaruro w’Amerika y'Amajyaruguru urimo kwaguka byihuse bitewe n’itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga. Amerika yiyongereye kuva kuri 44 GWh mu 2021 igera kuri 91 GWh iteganijwe muri 2025, hateganijwe ibihingwa 13 bishya mu myaka itanu. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi birimo Nevada Gigafactory ya Tesla (ifatanya na Panasonic), uruganda rwa Ford rwa Michigan (rukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya CATL), hamwe na GM ifatanije na LG Energy Solution muri Kentucky na Tennessee.

CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited) ikora inganda cumi na zitatu zikora za batiri ku isi kandi ikomeza umwanya waryo mu gutanga amasoko menshi mu 2024 hamwe na 339.3 GWh yashyizwe mu binyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Isosiyete itanga hafi ya buri ruganda rukora amamodoka arimo Tesla, Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes - Benz, na Ford. Ingamba za CATL zishimangira kwishyira hamwe, hamwe n’ishoramari riva mu gucukura lithium mu Ntara ya Qinghai kugeza ku musaruro wa cathode no guteranya selile. Kwiyongera kw’isosiyete mpuzamahanga birimo ibikorwa by’ubudage (guhera mu 2023), munsi y’inganda zubaka - muri Hongiriya (biteganijwe ko 2025), hamwe n’imishinga ihuriweho na Espagne na Indoneziya bifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 z'amadolari.

BYD iza ku mwanya wa kabiri na 153.8 GWh muri 2024, ikura 38.5% umwaka - hejuru ya - umwaka. Bitandukanye na CATL, BYD itanga cyane cyane umusaruro w’ibinyabiziga ariko ikaba yagutse kubakiriya bo hanze kuva 2021, ibona amasezerano na Toyota, FAW Group, na BAIC. Ikoranabuhanga rya Blade Battery ry’isosiyete, rishingiye kuri chimiya ya lithium fer fosifate, igera ku 50% ikoreshwa neza mu kirere kuruta bateri zisanzwe za LFP mu gihe ikomeza kubungabunga umutekano.

LG Energy Solution itanga 121.4 GWh kwisi yose, ikorera Tesla, Hyundai, Moteri rusange, Ford, na Volkswagen. Uruganda rukora Koreya yepfo rukora uruganda runini rwa batiri rukomeye ku isi i Wrocław, muri Polonye, kandi rugakomeza miliyari 217 z’amadolari y’Amerika mu myaka iri imbere. Kwaguka vuba aha birimo ibikoresho muri Michigan (hamwe na GM) hamwe nizindi mbuga za Amerika y'Amajyaruguru kugirango zikore isoko ry’Amerika ryiyongera.

Panasonic ikomeza kwishyira hamwe mubikorwa bya Tesla, cyane cyane kumiterere ya selile. Ubufatanye muri Gigafactory ya Nevada butanga selile 2170 kuri Model 3 / Y hamwe na selile 4680 nshya ku makamyo ya Tesla Semi. Nubwo umwaka wa 18% - hejuru ya - umwaka wagabanutse kugera kuri 35 GWh mu 2024, Panasonic iteganya ko izongera kubona isoko ku isoko binyuze mu musaruro wagutse 4680, utanga ingufu nyinshi kandi ugabanya ibiciro by’inganda.

Uburyo bwo gukora bateri busaba ibintu bigoye, bigabanijwe kubutaka bitangirana no gukuramo ibikoresho fatizo kandi bigatera imbere muburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya. Ubushinwa bugenzura hafi 90% yumusaruro wa cathode ukora na 97% byinganda za anode ku isi. Koreya ifite 9% yubushobozi bwa cathode, hamwe n’Ubuyapani kuri 3%, bigatuma ibyo bihugu bitatu byingenzi bidasimburwa murwego rwo gutanga amasoko ku isi.

Imiti itandukanye ya batiri isaba iminyururu itandukanye. Ubushinwa bwakiriye hafi 100% ya lithium fer fosifate (LFP) nubushobozi burenga 75% bya nikel manganese cobalt oxyde (NMC). Ubu bwiganze bugera no kubikoresho byabanjirije, aho ibikoresho byabashinwa bitunganya karubone ya lithium, sulfate ya cobalt, na nikel sulfate muri batiri - imiti yo mu rwego. Kwibanda ku nyungu bitanga inyungu nziza hamwe n’ibibazo bitangwa n’ibihugu guverinoma y’iburengerazuba ikemura byimazeyo binyuze mu bikorwa bitandukanye.

Indoneziya yagaragaye nk'urufunguzo rukomeye mu gutanga isoko ya nikel, irimo kimwe cya kabiri cy'ububiko bwa nikel bwacukuwe ku isi. Uruganda rwa mbere rukora amashanyarazi ya EV muri iki gihugu rwatangiye gukora mu 2024, aho CATL ishora miliyari 5 z'amadolari y'Amerika yatumye umusaruro w’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya grafite anode ndetse n’ibikoresho bya cathode. Maroc irerekana ubushobozi busa n’ububiko bunini bwa fosifate ku isi, bukenewe kuri bateri ya LFP, bufatanije n’inganda zashyizweho n’imodoka n’amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ku buntu hamwe n’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na Amerika. Amadolari arenga miliyari 15 z'amadolari yo gushora ibikoresho bya batiri yatangajwe hariya mu 2022.

Australiya yiganjemo umusaruro wa lithium yo hejuru, itanga hafi kimwe cya kabiri cya lithium yisi yose nkuko spodumene yibanda kubikorwa bikomeye byo gucukura amabuye -. Ikirombe cya Greenbushes cyonyine, gikoreshwa na Talison Lithium, cyatanze toni 798.000 za spodumene yibanze mu mwaka w’ingengo y’imari wa 2024-2025. Ibikorwa bya Chili bivana lithiyumu mu bubiko bwa brine, umusaruro ukagera kuri toni 49.000 za metero mu 2024.Igihugu gifite toni zigera kuri miliyoni 9 mu bubiko, nini cyane ku isi, nubwo igipimo cyo kuyikuramo gikomeje kuba munsi y’ubushobozi.

car lithium battery

Inganda zagize impinduka zikomeye kuri chimiya ya lithium fer fosifate, ubu ikaba ifite hejuru ya 40% yubushobozi bwa batiri ya EV ku isi, bikubye inshuro zirenga ebyiri umugabane wa 2020. Iyi nzibacyuho yibanze mu Bushinwa, aho bibiri - bitatu bya gatatu byagurishijwe na EV muri 2023 yakoresheje bateri ya LFP. Inyungu yibanze ya chimie iri mubiciro - Umusaruro wa LFP ukoresha hafi 20% bihendutse ugereranije nubundi buryo bwa NMC mugihe utanga ubushyuhe bwumuriro nubuzima burebure. Ibiciro by'umusaruro byagabanutse kugera kuri $ 55 - 60 kuri kilowatt-isaha guhera muri Nzeri 2024.

Iyemezwa rya Tesla ryerekana chimie igenda yiyongera kurenza Ubushinwa. Isosiyete yakoresheje bateri ya LFP muri 30% y’umusaruro wayo mu 2022, aho yavuye kuri 20% mu 2021, hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’imodoka zayo ku isi ubu ikoresha ikoranabuhanga. Imikoreshereze ya Tesla hafi ya yose ya Tesla iboneka muri Shanghai - imodoka zakozwe, nubwo iyi sosiyete ishyiraho umusaruro wa LFP mu gihugu cya Nevada ukoresheje ibikoresho biva muri CATL kugirango byubahirize amategeko agenga kugabanya ifaranga.

Batteri ya NMC ikomeje kwiganza ku masoko yo mu Burayi no muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru nubwo igiciro cyinshi, gitwarwa n’ibisabwa ingufu zingana n’ibinyabiziga binini kandi birebire. Ubuhanga bwa chimie busaba nikel, cobalt, na manganese muburyo butandukanye, aho bigenda bihinduka bikungahaye kuri nikel nyinshi (NMC 811) kugirango bigabanye kwishingira cobalt no kuzamura ingufu. Inganda zikora ziyongera hamwe nibintu byinshi bya nikel, ariko kuzamura ingufu za 10-15% byerekana kugenzura ibikorwa bisabwa.

Ikoreshwa rya Sodium - ion ryerekana ubundi buryo bugaragara, hamwe n’inganda zigera kuri 30 zikora cyangwa zubakwa ku isi hose, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa, zose hamwe zirenga 100 GWh. Sodium ya CATL - bateri igura hafi 30% ugereranije na LFP ihwanye ariko itanga ingufu nkeya (75 - 160 Wh / kg na 120 - 260 Wh / kg kuri lithium - ion). Iyi myanya sodium {13} BYD yatangaje moderi ya Seagull ikoresheje bateri ya sodium-ion ifite kilometero 300 zingana na $ 11,600, byerekana ko ikoranabuhanga rifite ubucuruzi.

Ubushobozi bwo gukora bateri ku isi bwageze kuri terawatt 3 - mu 2024, imishinga yatangajwe ishobora gukuba gatatu iyi mibare mu 2029 niba byaragaragaye neza. Nyamara, umusaruro nyawo uratinda cyane ubushobozi bwashyizweho bitewe nibisabwa bitandukanye nibibazo bikora neza. Ikinyuranyo hagati yubushobozi bwizina nibisohoka nyabyo bitera isoko igoye cyane aho isoko ryinshi hamwe nubuke bishobora kubana mubice bitandukanye nubwoko bwa chimie.

Ibiciro by'ipaki ya batiri byagabanutse munsi yamadorari 100 kuri kilowatt - mu 2024, byambukiranya imbibi zikomeye aho ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigereranya ibiciro na moteri yaka imbere nta nkunga. Ibiciro mu Bushinwa byagabanutse hafi 30% mu 2024, bigera ku rwego rwa 30% munsi y’Uburayi na 20% munsi ya Amerika ya Ruguru. Iri tandukaniro ry’ibiciro mu karere ryerekana itandukaniro ryibiciro byakazi, igipimo cyamashanyarazi, guhuza amasoko, hamwe nubunini bwinganda.

Igabanuka ryakurikiranye ibiciro bya lithium byagabanutse hejuru ya 85% kuva hejuru ya 2022, nubwo ibiciro bikomeza kuba 50% hejuru ya 2015 - 2020. Ibiciro bya Cobalt, grafite, na manganese byagabanutse munsi y’imyaka itanu yagereranijwe mu mpera za 2023, bigira uruhare runini mu kugabanya ibiciro by’ibikoresho bya batiri hagati ya 2022 na 2023.

Igipimo cyo gukoresha ibicuruzwa kiratandukanye cyane mukarere na chimie. Abashinwa bakora bateri ya LFP bakora hafi 85% yo gukoresha ubushobozi, bashyigikiwe nibisabwa imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’isoko ryohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Ibikoresho by’iburayi n’abanyamerika kuri bateri ya NMC akenshi bikoresha 50-70% mugukoresha kuko amasoko ya EV yaho adashoboye kubahiriza uburyo bwo kwagura ibikorwa. Uku kunyuranya kwatumye bamwe mu bakora inganda batinda cyangwa bahagarika kongera ubushobozi bwateganijwe, cyane cyane mu Burayi aho 2024 EV yagurishijwe mu gihe inkunga yagabanijwe mu Budage no mu Bufaransa.

Umusaraba - uruhushya rwo gukoresha imipaka ku mipaka hamwe n’imishinga ihuriweho bimaze kuba akamenyero kuko abakora ibinyabiziga bashaka umutekano wo gutanga bateri mu gihe ababikora bakurikirana isoko. Uruganda rwa batiri rwa Michigan rugera kuri miliyari 3,5 z'amadolari ya Amerika rugaragaza ubu buryo, ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya CATL mu ruhushya kandi rukomeza kugira uburenganzira bwuzuye kugira ngo rwuzuze ibisabwa muri Amerika. Iyi gahunda yemerera Ford gukora selile LFP itabigizemo uruhare n’isosiyete y’Abashinwa, ikemura ibibazo bya politiki mu gihe ikora inganda zagaragaye zizi - uburyo.

Uburyo bwa Tesla bukomatanya mugutezimbere - nubufatanye bwabatanga isoko. Isosiyete ikora ibipaki bya batiri kandi igenda itanga selile zayo (format 4680), mugihe ikura selile prismatic LFP muri CATL na BYD, hamwe na selile NMC ya Panasonic na LG. Izi ngamba nyinshi - inkomoko itanga imiterere ya chimie ihindagurika, imiterere itandukanye, hamwe nigiciro cyo gupiganwa. Kwagura ibikoresho bya Nevada bya Tesla birimo umurongo wa 10 GWh LFP ukoresheje ibikoresho bya CATL bidafite akamaro, byerekana uburyo ihererekanyabubasha rikorwa binyuze mu kugurisha ibikoresho aho kuba ubufatanye butaziguye.

Inganda zi Burayi zigenda zikurikirana imishinga ihuriweho n’abakora batiri yo muri Aziya kugirango yihutishe umusaruro w’imbere mu gihugu. Isosiyete ikora amamodoka (ACC), ubufatanye hagati ya Stellantis, Mercedes - Benz, na TotalEnergies, igamije kubaka ubushobozi bwa batiri mu Bufaransa, Ubudage, n'Ubutaliyani. Northvolt, yashinzwe n'abahoze ari abayobozi ba Tesla, yabonye inkunga ingana na miliyari zisaga 15 z'amadolari yo kubaka ubushobozi bwa GWh 150 mu 2030 ikoresheje uburyo bwo gukora burambye hamwe n'ibikoresho bitunganyirizwa. Isosiyete ihagarariye ibikorwa by’iburayi byigenga by’iburayi byigenga, nubwo bihanganye n’inganda zakozwe muri Aziya zifite uburambe bwimyaka myinshi hamwe nimpapuro zingana.

Inganda zo muri koreya zikora mu buryo butandukanye, zishyiraho - zose zifite ibikoresho byo hanze aho gushinga imishinga. Uruganda rwa LG Energy Solution rwo muri Polonye hamwe na SK On ishoramari muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika bikomeza gutunga Koreya yuzuye mugihe ikorera kumasoko yakarere. Izi ngamba zitanga igenzura ryinshi kumitungo yubwenge nuburyo bwo gukora ariko bisaba kwiyemeza gushora imari kandi ikemera ingaruka zikomeye zikorwa.

Politiki y’inganda yabaye intandaro yo gufata ibyemezo bya batiri kuko leta zemera akamaro k’ikoranabuhanga mu guhangana n’imodoka n’umutekano w’ingufu. Itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga rya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika ritanga amadolari agera ku 7.500 y’amadolari y’imisoro ku baguzi kuri EVS yujuje ibyangombwa bikenerwa mu gihugu, itegeka cyane cyane ko 50% by’ibikoresho bya batiri bikorerwa muri Amerika ya Ruguru kandi ukuyemo ibikoresho biva mu "bihugu by’amahanga bireba" (cyane cyane amasosiyete y’Abashinwa). Izi ngingo zatumye miliyari 70 z'amadolari mu gushora imari muri batiri muri Amerika kuva mu 2022.

Uburyo bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bushimangira kubaka urunani rw’ibicuruzwa bitangwa mu karere binyuze mu ihuriro ry’ibihugu by’Uburayi, rigamije kwishyiriraho 500 GWh y’umusaruro w’umwaka wa 2030. Ingamba zirimo miliyari 6.1 z’inkunga ya Leta mu mishinga myinshi, hamwe n’Ubudage, Ubufaransa, n’Ubutaliyani. Nyamara, inganda zi Burayi zihura n’ibiciro bigera kuri 20% ugereranije n’abashinwa bahanganye na mbere yo gusuzuma itandukaniro ry’ibikoresho n’ibikoresho. Urwego rw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi rushyira mu bikorwa gahunda yo gushyiraho imipaka mu mwaka wa 2023, rwongeraho ingorane zisaba ko bateri zujuje ubuziranenge bw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bikaba bishobora kwangiza ibicuruzwa biva mu makara -.

Ubushinwa bwiganjemo bateri bukomoka kuri politiki ihuriweho n’inganda mu myaka 20 ishize. Inkunga ya leta, inguzanyo zikenewe, hamwe na manda isaba abakora amamodoka yo mu mahanga gukoresha bateri zo mu Bushinwa kugurisha mu gihugu byatumye isoko rinini ry’amazu ryemerera ababikora kugera ku bukungu butagereranywa. CATL yonyine yahawe inkunga n’amasosiyete menshi y’Abashinwa kurusha ayandi masosiyete kuva mu 2023, itera inkunga byihuse R&D no kwagura mpuzamahanga. Kugeza muri Nzeri 2024, iyi nkunga ya leta irakomeje nubwo inganda zidafite ubushobozi.

Impagarara za geopolitike ziragenda zifata ibyemezo byinganda. Minisiteri y’ingabo y’Amerika yongeyeho CATL ku rutonde rw’ "amasosiyete y’ingabo z’Abashinwa" muri Mutarama 2025, ibuza amasezerano y’ingabo n’inzego zikoresha ibicuruzwa bya CATL. Abadepite bo muri Amerika basabye ko hongerwaho CATL ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga hakurikijwe itegeko ryo gukumira abakozi ku gahato, nubwo iyi sosiyete ihakana ibivugwa byose ku mirimo y'agahato mu rwego rwo gutanga amasoko. Ibi bikorwa, bifatanije n’ibyifuzo by’ubuyobozi bwa Trump ku bicuruzwa bishobora kugera ku 150%, bituma abashoramari bo mu Bushinwa bashiraho ibikoresho by’umusaruro ku masoko yagenewe aho kohereza ibicuruzwa bitarangiye.

car lithium battery

Gukora selile ya bateri ikubiyemo intambwe zuzuye zisaba ibidukikije bigenzurwa neza hamwe nubumenyi bwimikorere ifata imyaka kugirango itere imbere. Inzira itangirana no kuvanga ibikoresho bya electrode mumashanyarazi, kubisiga hejuru yumuringa wicyuma (umuringa wa anode, aluminium ya cathodes), no gukanda kugirango ugere kubyimbye nubucucike. Izi electrode noneho ziracibwa, zegeranijwe cyangwa zikomeretsa hamwe nizitandukanya, zinjizwa mumaselire, zuzuyemo electrolyte, zifunze, kandi zikoreshwa ninzinguzingo zishyiraho imikorere yambere yamashanyarazi.

Akazu ka CATL - kugeza - paki (CTP) ikuraho uburyo bwa module gakondo, igashyira selile mumapaki ya batiri. Ubu buryo bwongera imikoreshereze yijwi 15-20%, bikubye kabiri umusaruro mukugabanya intambwe zo guterana, no kugabanya ibice 40%. Ubucucike bw'ingufu busimbuka buva kuri 140-150 Wh / kg bugera kuri 200 Wh / kg kurwego rwipaki, bisobanura muburyo bwo kongera ibinyabiziga cyangwa kugabanya ingano ya batiri kugirango ikore kimwe. Batiyeri ya CTP 3.0 "Qilin" bivugwa ko igera ku bushobozi bwa 13% ugereranije na selile 4680 ya Tesla.

Imiterere ya selile ya 4680 ya Tesla yerekana inzira itandukanye yo guhanga udushya, yongera diameter ya selile ya silindrike kuva kuri 21mm ikagera kuri 46mm n'uburebure bukagera kuri 80mm. Imiterere nini igabanya ibiciro byo gukora kuri kilowatt - isaha yoroshya inteko (selile nkeya zisabwa kuri paki) kandi itezimbere ubushyuhe. Igishushanyo mbonera cya electrode igabanya ubukana bwimbere, ituma kwishyurwa byihuse hamwe nimbaraga zisohoka. Tesla ivuga ko kuzamura ingufu za 5x, kongera ingufu za 6x, no kuzamura 16% ugereranije n’utugari 2170, nubwo kugera kuri ibyo bisobanuro ku musaruro byagaragaye ko bitoroshye.

Ipfunyika ya electrode yumye, itunganywa na Tesla nabandi, ikuraho ingufu - intambwe ikomeye yo gukama yumuti mubikorwa gakondo. Ipfunyika ryubu risaba gukoresha amashanyarazi ya elegitoronike arimo umusemburo (mubisanzwe N - Methyl-2-pyrrolidone), hanyuma ugahumeka iyo mashanyarazi mumatanura manini atwara ingufu n umwanya munini wuruganda. Igishishwa cyumye gikoresha ibikoresho by'ifu mu buryo butaziguye, birashobora kugabanya ibiciro by'ishoramari 10-20% naho gukoresha ingufu kugera kuri 30%. Ariko, kugera kubuziranenge bwa electrode nubwihuta bwinganda bikomeza kuba ingorabahizi, bigabanya kohereza ibicuruzwa.

Igenzura ryiza ryerekana ibibazo bigenda byiyongera nkuko ababikora bapima vuba. Ndetse itandukaniro rito mubyimbye bya electrode, gukwirakwiza ibice, cyangwa kuzuza electrolyte birashobora gukora selile zifite imikorere itandukanye murwego rumwe. Nkuko paki ya batiri irimo selile amagana zigomba gukora kimwe murwego rwibihumbi byishyurwa, abayikora bashyira mubikorwa protocole nini yo kugerageza harimo X - kugenzura imirasire, kugenzura amashanyarazi, no kwiyongera, AI - ifite imbaraga zo kumenya inenge. Inganda zo muri koreya zishimangira cyane ubuziranenge hejuru yubushobozi buke, zihagaze nkabatanga ibihembo nubwo ibiciro biri hejuru.