Intangiriro kuri Litiyumu - Batteri
Ihame ryakazi rya Litiyumu - Batteri
Litiyumu - ion ya batiri igizwe ahanini na electrode nziza, electrode mbi, electrolyte ikora ioni ya lithium, na agutandukanyana case itandukanya electrode nziza kandi mbi. Ibikoresho byiza bya electrode mubisanzwe ni uruvange rwemerera kwinjiza no gukuramo ioni ya lithium, nka lithium cobalt oxyde (LiCoO₂), lisiyumu nikel oxyde (LiNiO₂), lisiyumu manganese oxyde (LiMn₂O₄), cyangwa ibikoresho bya gatatu (LiCoₓNiᵧMn₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂). Electrolyte igizwe n'umunyu wa lithium (umunyu wa lithium usanzwe urimo LiClO₄, LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiBOB, nibindi) ushonga mumashanyarazi yihariye (cyane cyane uruvange rwa karubone ya Ethylene (EC), karubone ya diethyl (DEC), karubone ya dimethyl (DMC), karubone ya propylene (PC), nibindi). Ibikoresho bitandukanya mubisanzwe ni polyolefin, mubisanzwe ukoresha umurongo umwe - cyangwa byinshi - layer polypropilene (PP) na polyethylene (PE) microporous membrane, nka Celgard 2300 itandukanya. Electrode mbi isanzwe ikoresha ibikoresho bishobora guhuza lithium, nka peteroli ya kokiya, grafite nziza, hamwe na karubone ivanze na karubone. Igisubizo muri lithium - bateri ya ion ukoresheje karubone (C₆) nka electrode mbi na oxyde yicyuma LiMeO₂ nkuko electrode nziza ariyi ikurikira.
Mugihe cyo kwishyuza:
Mugihe cyo gusohoka:
Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, lithium ion irekurwa muri electrode nziza hanyuma ikinjizwa muri electrode mbi; mugihe cyo gusohora, lithium ion irekurwa muri electrode mbi hanyuma ikinjizwa muri electrode nziza. Muyandi magambo, mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora, ion ya lithium igenda isubira inyuma hagati ya electrode nziza kandi mbi, nkintebe yinyeganyeza. Kubwibyo, bateri ya lithium - ion nayo yitwa "bateri yintebe yintebe." Ihame ryakazi ryabo rishobora kugaragazwa nishusho 1.1.
Mugihe gisanzwe cyokwirukanwa no gusohora, kwinjiza no gukuramo ioni ya lithium hagati yibikoresho bya karubone hamwe nuduce twa oxyde cyangwa hagati ya bateri ya litiro - muri rusange bitera impinduka gusa mumwanya uhuza kandi ntabwo byangiza imiterere ya kristu. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora, imiterere yimiti yibikoresho byiza kandi bibi bya electrode ntigihinduka. Kubwibyo, ukurikije uburyo bwo guhinduranya kwishyurwa - reaction yo gusohora, kwinjiza no gukuramo ioni ya lithium mubikoresho bya bateri ni inzira nziza yo kubyitwaramo. Ukurikije ibyo biranga, bateri ya lithium - ion irarenze mubikorwa bya nikel - kadmium na nikel - bateri ya hydride.
Litiyumu - ion ya batiri
Litiyumu - bateri ya ion irashobora gushyirwa mubice ukurikije ibikoresho bya cathode yakoreshejwe, isura nubunini, uburyo bwo gukora selile, ubwoko bwo gupakira, nibiranga porogaramu.
Ukurikije ibikoresho bya cathode yakoreshejwe, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora kugabanywamo bateri ya lithium cobalt oxyde, lisiyumu ya lisiyumu ya manganese, bateri ya lithium, na batiri ya lisiyumu ya fosifate.
Batteri ya Litiyumu cobalt oxyde ifite voltage nominal ya 3.7V hamwe na voltage ikora ya 2,4 ~ 4.2V. Batteri ya Lithium cobalt oxyde ifite imiterere ihamye, ubushobozi bwihariye, hamwe nibikorwa byiza muri rusange, ariko umutekano wabo urakennye kandi nigiciro cyacyo ni kinini, cyane cyane ukoreshwa muri selile nto na nto -. Mu myaka yashize, hateguwe ibikoresho byinshi - voltage lithium cobalt oxyde oxyde, ishobora kongera umuvuduko ntarengwa wa voltage ya batiri kugeza kuri 4.3V cyangwa 4.35V, bityo bikazamura neza ingufu za bateri nubucucike bwingufu. Kugeza ubu, bateri ya lithium cobalt oxyde ifite ingufu nyinshi cyane, igera kuri 550Wh / kg, bigatuma ihitamo ryonyine ryo gukoresha ingufu za terefone zigendanwa - nibindi bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki.
Litiyumu ya manganese oxyde (MMANO) ifite voltage nominal ya 3.8V hamwe na voltage ikora ya 2.5V kugeza 4.2V. Umuvuduko ukabije wokwirinda ni 4.28V ± 0.025V, naho hejuru ya - umuyaga wo kurinda ni 2.5V ± 0.1V. Bateri ya MMANO iri hasi - kandi ifite umutekano mwiza. Nyamara, ibikoresho bya lithium manganese oxyde ubwayo birasa nkaho bitajegajega kandi bikunda kubora, bitanga gaze no kubyimba. Ubuzima bwacyo bwangirika vuba vuba, ubuzima bwabwo ni bugufi, kandi nubushyuhe bwo hejuru - imikorere mibi. Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugiciro gito - igiciro, hagati - kugeza - nini - ingirabuzimafatizo nini zo gukora bateri.
Teritwari ya lithium - ion (TLC) bateri ifite voltage nominal ya 3.6V hamwe na voltage ikora ya 2.75V kugeza 4.2V. Umuvuduko ukabije wokwirinda ni 4.28V ± 0.025V, naho hejuru ya - imbaraga zo gukingira umuyaga ni 2.75V ± 0.1V. Batteri ya TLC ifite imikorere myiza muri rusange, ihendutse kuruta lithium cobalt oxyde (LCO), kandi itanga umutekano unoze. Birashobora gukoreshwa muri bateri yumuriro, kandi umugabane wabo mwisoko rya cathode yibikoresho byiyongera uko umwaka utashye. Litiyumu ntoya - bateri ya ion ukoresheje lithium ternary - ibikoresho bya ion bigenda byemerwa nisoko. Ibikoresho bya ternary birashobora kandi kuvangwa na lithium cobalt oxyde na lithium manganese oxyde kugirango ikoreshwe mu cyuma - case, aluminium - ikarito, umufuka, polymer, na litiro ya silindrike - ion, bishobora kugabanya cyane ibiciro bya batiri no kuzamura imikorere muri rusange. Kugeza ubu, bateri yibikoresho bya ternary irashobora kugera kubwinshi bwingufu za 180 Wh / kg (ibyuma 26650 - bateri zipanze zishobora kugera kubushobozi bwa 4600 mAh / kg hamwe nuburemere bwa 90g), bigatanga inyungu igaragara mubiciro -.
Batteri ya Litiyumu ya fosifate (LFP) ifite voltage nominal ya 3.2V hamwe na voltage ikora ya 2.5 ~ 3.75V. Umuvuduko ukabije wokwirinda ni 3.75V ± 0.025V, naho hejuru ya - imbaraga zo gukingira umuriro ni 2.5V ± 0.1V. Inyungu nini ya bateri ya LFP ni uguhagarara no kutabora - kubora ibintu byiza bya electrode nziza, bikabaha umutekano ntagereranywa ugereranije nibindi bikoresho byiza bya electrode. Batteri ya LFP ifite ubuzima burebure, ni nyinshi mubutunzi, kandi bitangiza ibidukikije. Ariko, bafite urubuga rwo gusohora hasi kandi ruke - imikorere yubushyuhe.
Ukurikije isura nubunini, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora kugabanywamo bateri ya silindrike na bateri ya prismatic, nibindi.
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora selile, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora kugabanywamo bateri yakomeretse (igikomere cya silindrike nigikomere kibase), bateri zegeranye, nibindi.
Ukurikije ibikoresho bipfunyika, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora kugabanywamo ibyuma - bateri zifunze, aluminium - bateri zifunze, plastiki - bateri zifunze, bateri zoroshye -.
Ukurikije ibiranga porogaramu, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora kugabanwa muri bateri yubushyuhe yo hejuru -, ubushyuhe buke - bateri yubushyuhe, bateri yumuriro, na bateri yubushobozi, nibindi.
Ukurikije aho bakoreshwa, bateri ya lithium - ion irashobora gushyirwa mubice nka: bateri zisubira inyuma, bateri zamashanyarazi, na bateri zibika ingufu.
Porogaramu ya Litiyumu - Batteri
Birashobora kuvugwa ko kuva bateri yatangira, ntakindi gicuruzwa cyakoreshejwe cyihuse kandi kinini nka litiro - ion. Kuva kumasaha yamashanyarazi ya mudasobwa CPU kugeza kuri litiro nini - ipaki ya batiri ikoreshwa mumamodoka no mumazi, itandukaniro ryubushobozi rirenga inshuro 10. Bafite porogaramu nini mubuzima bwa buri munsi, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, sitasiyo zibika ingufu, ikirere, nigisirikare.
Nyuma yimyaka irenga 10 ikunzwe, bateri ya lithium - ion yabaye sisitemu yonyine yingufu zikoreshwa cyane mubicuruzwa bya digitale nka terefone igendanwa na mudasobwa zigendanwa. Bitewe n'imbaraga zabo zidasanzwe, zirakoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byamashanyarazi, amagare yamashanyarazi, bisi zamashanyarazi, sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi akoresha ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y’izuba, sitasiyo y’itumanaho rya terefone igendanwa, ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi acukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibikoresho byo gutabara amabuye y'agaciro ya capsule, ibikoresho by’ingabo z’abasirikare ku giti cyabo, amaradiyo, bateri za satelite, n’ibindi byinshi bikoreshwa. Nk’uko imibare ibigaragaza, mu mwaka wa 2011, ingano y’isoko ry’inganda za batiri ya Litiyumu y’Ubushinwa yageze kuri miliyari 39.7, umwaka - ku mwaka - yiyongereyeho 43%, naho umusaruro wa batiri ya lithium wageze kuri miliyari 2.97, umwaka - ku mwaka - wiyongereyeho 28.6%. Inganda za batiri ya lithium zahindutse icyerekezo cyingenzi cyinganda zubukungu bwigihugu²¹.
