Graphite Anode ni iki?

Igishushanyo cya anode ni electrode mbi muri alitiro ion, bikozwe muri karubone itondekanye mumpapuro zibitse zibika kandi zikarekura ioni ya lithium mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora. Ikora nkibikoresho byibanze byakira aho lithium ion yinjizwa hagati ya grafite mugihe iyo bateri yishyuye, bingana na 10-20% byuburemere bwa bateri.

Imiterere ituma ikora

Imikorere ya Graphite nka anode iva mubwubatsi bwa atome. Atome ya karubone ihuza amabati, impande esheshatu zitwa graphene, zegeranye hejuru yazo hamwe n'umwanya wa 3.354. Intege nke za der der Waals zifatanije hamwe - imbaraga zihagije kugirango zibungabunge imiterere, ariko zifite intege nke zo kureka ioni ya lithium ikanyerera hagati yabo.

Iyi miterere itondekanya ikora inzira karemano ya ion kugenda. Iyo bateri yishyuye, lithium ion yimuka ivuye muri cathode ikoresheje electrolyte hanyuma ikishyira hagati ya grafite ya grafite binyuze munzira yitwa intercalation. Umwanya uri hagati yurwego waguka hafi 10% kugirango wakire izo ion. Iyo bateri isohotse, ion zisohoka muri grafite hanyuma zigasubira muri cathode, zikarekura ingufu zabitswe.

Igishushanyo cyerekana icyo abashakashatsi bita lithium - grafite intercalation compound (Li - GICs) mubyiciro bitandukanye. Kwishyurwa byuzuye, anode igera kumurongo wa LiC₆ - atom imwe ya lithium kuri atome ya karubone esheshatu - igereranya ububiko bunini bwa grafite ishobora kugeraho.

Kuki Litiyumu - Bateri ya Ion Hitamo Graphite

Graphite yiganjemo ibikoresho bya bateri anode kubwimpamvu zirenze kuboneka byoroshye. Ubushobozi bwacyo bujyanye na 372 mAh / g, butanga imikorere yizewe mubihumbi byikurikiranya. Icy'ingenzi cyane, grafite ikora ku bushobozi buke bw’amashanyarazi ya 0.01-0.2 V na Li / Li⁺, bigabanya itandukaniro rya voltage hagati ya anode na cathode, igahita ihinduranya ingufu nyinshi muri selile yuzuye ya batiri.

Ibikoresho bifata amajwi bihinduka neza. Bitandukanye nubundi buryo bwaguka cyane mugihe cya lithiation, imiterere ya grafite yakira lithium ion hamwe no kubyimba gake - mubisanzwe munsi ya 10%. Iterambere ryimiterere risobanura impamvu grafite anode isanzwe irenga 1.000 yikurikiranya hamwe nubushobozi buke.

Igiciro kigira uruhare rukomeye. Igishushanyo mbonera kiva mubikorwa byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro hamwe na grafitike ya sintetike ivuye muri peteroli ya kokiya byombi bitanga ikiguzi cy'umusaruro uri munsi y'ibindi bikoresho. Kugeza mu 2024, igishushanyo mbonera gisanzwe kigurishwa hafi $ 7,000 kuri toni ugereranije na grafitike ya syntetique ku $ 10,000 kuri toni. Ibikoresho bisaba urwego rwera rurenga 99,95% kubikorwa bya batiri, bigerwaho binyuze muburyo bwo kweza ko, nubwo ingufu - zikomeye, zikomeza kuba ingirakamaro mubukungu.

Ibitekerezo byumutekano nabyo bikunda grafite. Inzira ikomeye ya electrolyte (SEI) igizwe hejuru ya grafite mugihe cyo kwishyuza kwambere ikora nkinzitizi yo gukingira, ikarinda kwangirika kwa electrolyte mugihe yemerera gutwara lithium ion. Uku kwifata - kurinda ibiranga, byavumbuwe nabashakashatsi mu 1990 ukoresheje Ethylene karubone electrolytite, byatumaga ubucuruzi bwa anode ya grafite kandi butera lithium - ion ya batiri yakurikiranye.

Kamere na Sintetike: Inzira ebyiri zijya hamwe

Inganda za batiri zitanga igishushanyo binyuze munzira ebyiri zitandukanye, buri kimwe gifite ibyiza byihariye.

Igishushanyo mbonera gikomoka ku bubiko bwa flake kristalline yakuwe mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa, Burezili, Madagasikari, n'Ubuhinde. Ababikora batunganya grake ya grake ikoresheje kumenagura, spheroidisation - aho imbaraga za mashini zikora flake zidasanzwe mubice bya serefike -, no kwezwa kugirango bigere kuri bateri -. Umusaruro wa grafite usanzwe ukoresha hafi 1.1 × 10⁴ MJ kuri toni yingufu.

Intambwe ya spheroidisation irerekana ko ari ngombwa. Imikorere ya Batteri itezimbere hamwe nuduce twa spherical kuko bipakira cyane muri electrode, byongera ingufu za volumetric kandi bigateza imbere amashanyarazi mumiterere ya anode. Ubusanzwe grafite isanzwe yerekana kristu irenze iyindi mikorere, itanga amashanyarazi meza nubushyuhe.

Igishushanyo mbonera gitangirira kuri peteroli ya kokiya, kokiya y'urushinge, cyangwa kokiya yo mu bwoko bwa - umusaruro wo gutunganya amavuta. Ababikora bashyushya ubushyuhe bwa karubone kubushyuhe burenga dogere 2,500 mugihe cyo gushushanya, bagahindura atome ya karubone muburyo bwateganijwe, imiterere iranga grafite. Iyi nzira isaba hafi 4 × 10⁴ MJ kuri toni-3,6 zikenerwa ningufu zumusaruro wa grafite.

Nyamara, synthique grafite itanga ibintu byinshi bihamye. Igikorwa cyo kugenzura kigenzurwa gitanga ingano zingana zingana hamwe n’imyitwarire y’amashanyarazi iteganijwe, abakora bateri baha agaciro kugenzura ubuziranenge. Kugeza ubu, inganda zigabanije hafi 55% yubukorikori hamwe na 45% ya grafite karemano yo gukora anode, nubwo iyi ntera ihinduka uko isuku ya grafite isanzwe itera imbere.

Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020, ibikoresho bisanzwe bya grafite anode byafashe 39% by'isoko, biteganijwe ko bikomeza kwiyongera biterwa n'ingaruka nke z’ibidukikije ndetse no kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu gihe cy'umusaruro.

Ikibazo cyo Kwishyuza: Imipaka yo Kwishyuza Byihuse

Graphite yakwirakwijwe cyane yerekana masike igaragara cyane: kwishyuza byihuse. Iyo bateri zishye vuba, ion ya lithium igera kumurongo wa anode byihuse kuruta uko ishobora guhuza imiterere ya grafite. Iyoni zirenga noneho zishira hejuru ya anode nka lithium metallic - ikintu cyitwa lithium plate.

Isahani ya Litiyumu itera ibibazo byinshi. Ibyuma bisizwe ntabwo bigira uruhare mubushobozi bwa bateri, bigabanya neza ububiko bwaboneka. Ibindi bijyanye, gusubiramo inshuro nyinshi no kwiyambura byangiza imiterere ya anode kandi ukarya electrolyte yamazi, byihuta ubushobozi. Mugihe gikabije, lithium dendrite irashobora gukura binyuze mumatandukanya hagati ya electrode, bigatera imiyoboro migufi.

Intandaro itera muri lithium diffusion kinetics. Gushyiramo lithium ion hagati ya grafite ya grafite irabasaba gutsinda inzitizi zingufu mugihe ziva muri electrolyte zikinjira muburyo bukomeye. Mugihe cyibiciro biri hejuru, polarisiyasi yibanda itera - kwibumbira hamwe kwa lithium hejuru yubuso bwa anode birenze ibyo ibikoresho bishobora gukuramo, bigatuma ubushobozi buke buhagije bwo gushira lithium metallic aho.

Abashakashatsi barimo gukemura izo mbogamizi binyuze muburyo butandukanye. Ububiko bwo hejuru ukoresheje karubone ya amorphous cyangwa lithium - ion ikora ibikoresho bituma habaho gukwirakwiza lithium imwe hamwe no gutwara ion byihuse hejuru ya grafite. Gukoresha electrolyte hamwe ninyongeramusaruro zihariye zifasha gukora urwego ruhamye rwa SEI rworohereza ihererekanyabubasha. Bamwe mubakora bahindura grafite ibice bya morphologie cyangwa bakongera intera ihuza intera kugirango yihutishe ikwirakwizwa rya lithium.

Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu 2024 bwerekanye ko anode ya grafite ifite impuzu nziza kandi ikora electrolyte irashobora gukomeza igipimo cyo kwishyuza cyegera 6C (kwishyurwa byuzuye muminota 10) mugihe ubuzima bwikiziga burenze 500. Nyamara, ibi bikomeje kuba ibikorwa byiterambere nkuko abakora ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigamije ndetse nubushobozi bwihuse bwo kwishyuza.

Silicon: Umunywanyi

Silicon - ishingiye kuri anode yerekana ikibazo cyibanze cyiganjemo grafite, itwarwa nubushobozi bwa silikoni ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru bwa 4.200 mAh / g - inshuro zirenga icumi za grafite. Ubu bushobozi buturuka ku bushobozi bwa silicon bwo guhuza na atome ya litiro 4.4 kuri atome ya silicon (Li₄.₄Si), mu gihe grafite isaba atome esheshatu za karubone guhuza na ion imwe ya lithium.

Ubujurire buragaragara. Gusimbuza na 10-20% ya grafite na silicon bishobora kongera ingufu za batiri 10-30%, bigahinduka muburyo burebure bwo gutwara ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Benshi mubatangije ninganda zikomeye bashora imari cyane mugutezimbere silicon anode, hamwe namasosiyete nka Sila Nanotechnologies na BMW bafatanya mubikorwa byubucuruzi bigenewe hagati ya 2020.

Ariko ibyiza bya silicon bizana inenge ikomeye: kwagura amajwi. Ibice bya Silicon byabyimbye birenga 300% mugihe cya lithiation, ugereranije na grafite yoroheje 10%. Uku kwaguka kwinshi kuvunika ibice, guhagarika imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi, no guhungabanya urwego rwa SEI. Anode yibanze cyane mubikorwa bisanzwe, itera ubushobozi bwihuse. Silicon yo hambere yarokotse byanze bikunze 100 yikurikiranya.

Ba injeniyeri barimo gutegura ibisubizo. Nanostructures silicon - ibice ku gipimo cya nanometero - byakira neza imihangayiko yo kwaguka. Ibikoresho bya silicon binini bitanga umwanya wimbere wo kwaguka. Okiside ya Silicon (SiOx) itanga ubwumvikane nubushobozi bwa teoretiki bwa mAh / g 2,675 kandi bigabanya kwaguka ugereranije na silicon nziza. Ihuza ryiza - ibikoresho bifata uduce twa anode hamwe - bikubiyemo ibintu byoroshye kugirango bikomeze amashanyarazi mugihe cyo guhindura amajwi.

Silicon - ibishushanyo mbonera byerekana uburyo bwiza bwubucuruzi. Muguhuza 5 - 15% silicon muri grafite anode, abayikora bunguka ubushobozi bugaragara mugihe bagabanya ingaruka zangiza zo kwaguka kwa silicon. Izi ngamba zitanga ingufu zingana na 15-20% kurenza ingufu za grafite anode mugihe ikomeza ubuzima bwa 500-800 ubuzima-bwemewe kubisabwa byinshi.

Igiciro gikomeje kuba inzitizi ikomeye. Silicon - karubone ikora anode igura hafi 750.000 CNY kuri toni muri 2024, ugereranije na 50.000-100.000 CNY kuri toni kuri anode ya grafite. Abasesenguzi b'inganda umushinga wa silicon anode ibikoresho bikenera kugabanuka kugera kuri 110.000-170,000 CNY kuri toni kugirango ubucuruzi bwamamare.

Ibikorwa byisoko hamwe nibitekerezo byo gutanga

Isoko rya grafite anode irimo gukura cyane. Bifite agaciro ka miliyari 11.9 z'amadolari mu 2022, ibiteganijwe mu nganda bivuga ko isoko rizagera kuri miliyari 50.83 mu 2030, bivuze ko izamuka ry’umwaka wa 19.9%. Uku kwaguka gukurikiranira hafi ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi hamwe na gride - igipimo cyo kubika ingufu.

Tanga imbaraga zikwiye kwitabwaho. Buri bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi irimo 50 - 100 kg ya grafite-hafi inshuro icumi grafite kurusha lithium. Urugero rumwe rwa Tesla Model S, kurugero, rusaba hafi kg 85 za grafite kubipaki ya batiri. Umusaruro wa EV ku isi urimo kwiyongera cyane, hamwe n’ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bingana nijanisha ryibicuruzwa byimodoka.

Ubushinwa bwiganjemo imiyoboro ya grafite, igenzura ibicukurwa bisanzwe bya grafite ndetse n’umusaruro wa grafitike. Uku kwibandaho kwazamuye impungenge z'umutekano mu bakora bateri mu tundi turere. Ubushinwa 2023 bwohereza ibicuruzwa byoherejwe mu mahanga byongereye impungenge, bituma ibihugu by’iburengerazuba bishora imari mu guteza imbere umusaruro wa grafite mu gihugu no gutunganya.

Igikorwa cyo kweza cyerekana ikiguzi cyibanze. Guhindura ibishushanyo mbonera byacukuwe muri bateri - ibikoresho byo mu rwego bisaba aside ikomeye hamwe nintambwe nyinshi zo gutunganya, bigatera gutekereza kubidukikije. Nyamara, muri rusange imyuka ya karubone yumusaruro wa grafite isanzwe ikomeza kuba hasi cyane ugereranije na grafitike yubukorikori, cyane cyane bitewe ningufu - uburyo bukomeye bwo gushushanya bukenewe kubikoresho byubukorikori.

Gusubiramo byerekana amahirwe n'ingorane. Litiyumu yacyuye igihe - bateri ya ion irimo ubwinshi bwa grafite - akenshi 40 - 50% bya "misa yumukara" yagaruwe mubikorwa byo gutunganya. Nyamara, gukuramo no re - kweza iyi grafite kuri bateri - ibyiciro byerekana bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi mubuhanga kandi mubukungu mubipimo byubu. Abashakashatsi barimo gutegura uburyo bunoze bwo gutunganya ibicuruzwa, bamenye ko kugarura grafite gufunga bizagenda biba ngombwa uko ingano ya batiri ikura.

Porogaramu Kurenga Bateri

Mugihe bateri ya lithium - ion igereranya grafite anode ikoreshwa cyane, ibikoresho bikora mubindi bikoresho byamashanyarazi. Muri selile ya lisansi, cyane cyane proton ihinduranya membrane lisansi (PEMFCs), grafite ikora plaque ya cathode ikwirakwiza plaque ikwirakwiza ogisijeni neza kurubuga rwa reaction mugihe ikora electron.

Umusaruro wa aluminium ushingiye cyane kuri anode ya grafite mugikorwa cyo gushonga electrolytike. Inzu - Inzira ya Héroult, itanga hafi ya aluminiyumu yambere yose, ikoresha anode nini ya grafite igenda ihinduka okiside kandi igomba gusimburwa buri gihe. Iyi nganda ikoreshwa mu nganda itwara grafite nyinshi ku isi.

Imiti ya batiri ivuka irimo gushakisha na grafite. Sodium - bateri ya ion na potasiyumu - bateri ion zishobora gukoresha anode ya grafite, nubwo hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza hamwe nubushobozi ugereranije na sisitemu ya lithium. Mugihe ubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji ya bateri ikuze, barashobora gukora ibyifuzo byinyongera kubikoresho bya grafite.

Icyerekezo Cyubushakashatsi

Abashakashatsi ba Bateri barimo gukurikirana inzira nyinshi kugirango bongere imikorere ya grafite anode badatereranye ibyiza byibanze.

Interphase injeniyeri yibanda mugutezimbere imiterere ya SEI. SEI igena lithium itwara kinetics, cyclability, nibiranga umutekano. Ibyongeweho bya electrolyte hamwe nubuvuzi bwo hejuru bugamije gukora ibyoroshye, byinshi bya SEI bigabanya ikoreshwa rya lithium mugihe cyo gukora mugihe hagaragara cyane ionic.

Particle engineering ihindura grafite morphologie kugirango itezimbere imikorere. Abashakashatsi barimo gukora ubushakashatsi kuri grafite yubukorikori hamwe nububiko bwa pore igenzurwa, hejuru - ibice byahinduwe hamwe noguhindura amashanyarazi ya electrolyte, hamwe nuburyo bukomatanya buhuza ubwoko butandukanye bwa grafite kugirango hongerwe ubushobozi nubushobozi bwibipimo.

Guhindura intera ihuza intera byerekana ubundi buryo. Mu kwagura gato intera iri hagati ya graphene - urugero, binyuze mumiti ihuza imiterere cyangwa inenge zubatswe - abashakashatsi barashobora kwihutisha igipimo cya lithium. Ibikorwa biheruka gukorwa mu 2024 byerekanaga ko kugenzura neza kwaguka hagati ya 0.3354 nm kugera kuri 0.342 nm byateje imbere byihuse - ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza no gukomeza umutekano.

Tekinoroji yo gutwikira ikomeje gutera imbere. Byombi bya karubone byoroshye na karubone byoroshye bitanga inyungu zitandukanye: gutwika karubone ikomeye byongera imikorere yikigereranyo, cyane cyane mubucucike buri hejuru, mugihe ibyoroshye bya karubone byongera imikorere ya coulombic kandi bikagenda neza. Guhitamo ibikoresho bifatika bifatika bishingiye kubisabwa bisaba kwemerera kongera ubushobozi - igipimo - inyabutatu yubuzima isobanura imikorere ya bateri.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Kuki grafite ikora neza kuruta ibindi bikoresho bya anode ya bateri?

Igishushanyo kiringaniza ibisabwa byinshi ibindi bikoresho birwanira guhuza icyarimwe. Imiterere yacyo isanzwe yakira lithium ion hamwe nimpinduka ntoya (munsi ya 10% kwaguka), bigatuma ibihumbi byikurikiranya. Ibikoresho bikora mubushobozi buke cyane (0.01 - 0.2 V), bigabanya ingufu za bateri. Nibyinshi, ugereranije bihendutse, kandi byunvikana neza nyuma yimyaka mirongo ikoreshwa mubucuruzi. Mugihe ibikoresho nka silicon bitanga ubushobozi buhanitse, bahura nibibazo bikomeye byo kwagura amajwi grafite yirinda.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya grafite karemano na sintetike muri bateri?

Igishushanyo mbonera kiva mubikorwa byubucukuzi kandi mubisanzwe bitanga amashanyarazi meza kubera kristu yo hejuru. Bisaba imbaraga nke kugirango zitange - hafi 1.1 × 10⁴ MJ kuri toni na 4 × 10⁴ MJ kuri toni ya grafite syntique. Igishushanyo mbonera, gikozwe no gushyushya peteroli kokiya hejuru ya dogere zirenga 2,500, itanga ibintu bihamye kandi byera. Kugeza ubu, inganda zikoresha hafi 55% ya syntetique na 45% ya grafite karemano, nubwo umugabane wa grafite usanzwe wiyongera kubera ibidukikije nibiciro byiza.

Grafite anode irashobora kwishyurwa byihuse?

Graphite anode ihura nibibazo hamwe no kwishyurwa byihuse. Iyo kwishyuza amashanyarazi ari muremure cyane, ion ya lithium igera byihuse kuruta uko ishobora kwinjiza muburyo bwa grafite, bigatuma itera isahani ya lithium yumuringa hejuru ya anode aho. Isahani ya lithium igabanya ubushobozi kandi yangiza bateri. Abashakashatsi batezimbere byihuse - ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza binyuze mu gutwikira hejuru, gukoresha amashanyarazi ya electrolyte, hamwe n’ubuhanga bw’ibice, hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwa 2024 buherutse kugera ku gipimo cya 6C cyo kwishyuza (kwishyurwa iminota 10) mu gihe gikomeza ubuzima bwemewe.

Silicon izasimbuza grafite muri anode ya bateri?

Silicon ntishobora gusimbuza byimazeyo grafite mugihe cya vuba, nubwo iba igice cyigisubizo. Silicon itanga ubushobozi bwa 10x kurenza grafite ariko ikagura 300% mugihe cyo kwishyuza, bigatera kwangirika vuba. Uburyo bufatika bukoresha silikoni - igizwe na grafite, ivanga silikoni 5-15% muri anode ya grafite kugirango yongere ingufu zingana na 15-20% mugihe gikemura ibibazo byo kwaguka. Anode ya silicon isukuye ikomeza gutera imbere, hamwe nubucuruzi bushobora guterwa no kugera kubuzima bwemewe no kugabanya ibiciro.

Igishushanyo cya anode cyerekana uburyo ibikoresho bisa nkibyoroshye akenshi bikora neza kubera ubwo bworoshye. Iyoni ya Litiyumu ikenera ahantu ho kujya mugihe cyo kwishyuza - ahantu hatuje, hashobora guhinduka, kandi ntigatandukana nyuma yizunguruka nke. Imiterere ya Graphite itanga neza neza, nta ikinamico cyangwa igoye. Mugihe abashakashatsi birukanye ubushobozi buhanitse no kwishyurwa byihuse, basanga kuva kure cyane yimiterere yibanze ya grafite bizana ibibazo bikunze kurenza inyungu. Ibikoresho bikomeje kwiganza muri bateri ya lithium - ion birashoboka ko ikomeza kumara imyaka mirongo nubwo itagira aho igarukira, ariko kubera ko izo mbogamizi zishobora gucungwa kandi neza -.

Inkomoko yamakuru:

Igishushanyo nkibikoresho bya anode: Uburyo bwibanze, iterambere rya vuba niterambere - Ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu (2020)

Isesengura ryisoko rya Graphite Anode Isoko {{0} Research Ubushakashatsi bwisoko ryiza (2024)

Imiterere ya grafite ya anode ya lithium yateye imbere - ion Batteri - Ikinyamakuru cy’ubuhanga bw’imiti (2024)

Kazoza ka karubone anode ya lithium - bateri ion - Kazoza Kazoza (2024)

Byihuta - kwishyuza grafite anode ya litiro - bateri ion - Amabaruwa ya fiziki akoreshwa (2024)

Isubiramo kuri Graphite Anode Yihuta - Kwishyuza Litiyumu - Batteri ya Ion - Ibikoresho bikora neza (2024)

Igishushanyo: amabuye y'agaciro mashya - Ibikoresho byo gusuzuma ibidukikije (2025)