Oxide ya Litiyumu Manganese ni iki?

Litiyumu Manganese Oxide (LMO) ni ibikoresho bya cathode bikoreshwa muri bateri ya lithium - ion, hamwe na formulaire ya LiMn₂O₄. Igaragaza ibintu bitatu - bingana na spinel kristal yuburyo butuma lithium ikora neza - ion mugihe cyo kwishyuza bateri no gusohora.

Ibisobanuro biranga LMO biri muburyo bwa spinel kristal, yashyizwe munsi yumwanya witsinda Fd3m. Iyi cubic lattice itondekanya atome ya ogisijeni ahantu runaka mugihe ion ya manganese na lithium ifata octahedral na tetrahedral. Ibice bitatu - ibipimo byerekana inzira ihuza inzira ya lithium ion igenda yisanzuye, ibyo bikaba bihindura imikorere ya bateri ifatika.

Igishushanyo mbonera gikemura ikibazo cyibasiye ibikoresho bibiri - ibikoresho bya cathode. Aho guhatira ion gutembera munzira ntoya, imiterere ya spinel itanga inzira nyinshi mubipimo bitatu. Igisubizo ni ion transport yihuta, kugabanya imbere imbere, hamwe nubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iyi miterere ikomeza ubunyangamugayo no mugihe cyihuta cyihuta - gusohora, bigatuma LMO ikwiranye cyane nibisabwa bisaba gutanga amashanyarazi byihuse.

Ibiri muri manganese muri LMO bibaho muburyo buvanze na valence, hamwe ningero zingana za Mn³⁺ na Mn⁴⁺ ion zifata ibibanza bya octahedral. Iyi leta ivanze ya okiside igira uruhare runini mubikorwa byamashanyarazi bibaho mugihe cya bateri, bituma hashyirwaho lithium ihindagurika no kuyikuramo.

Mugihe cyo gusohora, ioni ya lithium yimuka iva kuri anode ikoresheje electrolyte ikagera kuri cathode ya LMO, aho ifata ibibanza bya tetrahedrale murwego rwa oxyde ya manganese. Electron zinyura mumuzunguruko wo hanze, zitanga amashanyarazi. Iyo kwishyuza, iyi nzira ihindura - lithium ion ikuramo muri cathode hanyuma igasubira kuri anode.

Ibiranga voltage itandukanya LMO nindi miti ya cathode. Batteri ya LMO mubisanzwe ikora kuri voltage nominal ya 4.0V, hejuru gato ya sisitemu ya lithium cobalt oxyde (LCO). Iyi voltage yo hejuru igira uruhare runini mu kongera ingufu kuri buri gice, nubwo ubwinshi bwingufu zikomeza kuba mukigereranyo ugereranije na nikel - ibikoresho bya cathode bikungahaye.

Uburyo bwa intercalation muri LMO bubaho binyuze munzira aho ioni ya lithium yinjiza kandi ikavana muburyo bwa spinel bitabangamiye cyane manganese - ogisijeni. Iterambere ryimiterere mugihe cyamagare ninyungu nimbogamizi, tuzabisuzuma mugice cyibibazo.

Batteri ya LMO irusha izindi porogaramu zisaba ingufu nyinshi mugihe gito. Ibikoresho by'ingufu byerekana igice kinini cyisoko, aho ababikora baha agaciro ubushobozi bwa LMO bwo gutanga amashanyarazi akomeye yo gucukura, gukata, no gufunga ibikorwa. Ubushobozi bwo gusohora bwihuse buhuye nigihe gito, hejuru - imiterere yimikoreshereze yibikoresho.

Urwego rwimodoka rukoresha LMO mubinyabiziga bivangavanze n'amashanyarazi, nubwo akenshi bifatanije nibindi bikoresho bya cathode. Nissan Leaf na Chevy Volt, kurugero, bakoresheje LMO - NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) ivanze na cathodes. Ubu buryo bwa Hybrid bukoresha imbaraga za LMO imbaraga zo kwihuta mugihe zishingiye kuri NMC kumurongo urambye. Amakuru ya vuba yerekana hafi 30% ya LMO muri sisitemu ivanze itanga imikorere myiza.

Ibikoresho byubuvuzi byungukira kumurongo wumutekano wa LMO nibiranga imbaraga. Ibikoresho byo kubaga, defibrillator zigendanwa, hamwe na pompe zo gushiramo zirimo bateri ya LMO kubera ko ubushyuhe bwumuriro bugabanya ingaruka zumuriro ahantu hitaweho cyane. Isesengura ryakozwe mu 2024 ry’umutekano wa batiri y’ubuvuzi ryasanze zeru zanditseho umuriro hamwe na bateri ya LMO mu mavuriro, ugereranije n’ibintu byitaruye hamwe n’indi miti ya lithium - ion.

Amagare n'amashanyarazi bigenda byifashisha ikoranabuhanga rya LMO, cyane cyane ku masoko yo muri Aziya. Gukomatanya ibiciro - gukora neza no gutanga amashanyarazi ahagije bikwiranye nuburyo bukoreshwa bwibi binyabiziga - ingendo ngufi hamwe na rimwe na rimwe - ingufu zisaba kuzamuka umusozi cyangwa kwihuta.

Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu kugirango yongere kwishyiriraho kandi ikoresha LMO, nubwo iyi porogaramu ihura nuguhiganwa kuva lithium fer fosifate (LFP). Umushinga w'izuba ukomoka muri Suwede mu 2025 wohereje MWh 50 za sodium - manganese oxyde ya manganese (tekinoroji itandukanye), yerekana udushya dukomeje muri manganese - kubika ingufu.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ubwinshi bwa manganese butuma LMO ishimisha mubukungu. Manganese iri ku mwanya wa 12 mu bintu byinshi cyane mu butaka bw’isi, ni byinshi cyane kuruta cobalt cyangwa nikel. Uku kuboneka bisobanurwa kubiciro bihamye no kugabanya intege nke zo gutanga. Amakuru yisoko agezweho yerekana ibikoresho bya LMO bigura hafi 20% ugereranije na nikel - cobalt - manganese (NCM) ubundi buryo bwo kubara amafaranga yakoreshejwe.

Ibidukikije bitekereza LMO kurenza cobalt - chemisties. Gukuramo Manganese, nubwo bitagize ingaruka ku bidukikije, birinda impungenge nyinshi zijyanye no gucukura cobalt mu turere tumwe na tumwe. Ibikoresho bidafite - uburozi byoroshya gukora mugihe cyo gukora no gutunganya ibintu. Ibikoresho byo gutunganya bateri birashobora gutunganya LMO hamwe nubuhanga bwashyizweho bwa metallurgjique, kugarura manganese kugirango ikoreshwe muri bateri nshya cyangwa mubindi bikorwa byinganda.

Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bugaragaza inyungu zumutekano zikomeye. LMO cathodes irwanya guhunga ubushyuhe - uburyo bwo kunanirwa gukabije aho ubushyuhe bwa bateri bwiyongera vuba, bishobora guteza umuriro cyangwa guturika. Kwipimisha ukurikije ibipimo bya UL byerekana LMO igaragaza 58% munsi yubushyuhe bwo guhunga ugereranije na lithium isanzwe - ion iboneza. Imiterere ya spinel ihagaze neza bivuze ko LMO ikomeza imikorere yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ikora neza kugeza kuri dogere 60 (dogere 140 F) nta kwangirika gukomeye.

Ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza bwihuse buturuka kumihanda itatu -. Batteri ya LMO irashobora kwakira amafaranga ku gipimo kirenze 1C (kwishyurwa kwuzuye mu isaha imwe) nta kwangirika kwimikorere. Ibi bihabanye nibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya cathode bitakaza ubushobozi mugihe cyo kwishyurwa byihuse.

Ubushobozi bugabanuka mugihe cyamagare yagutse yerekana ikibazo gikomeye cya LMO. Batteri ya LMO mubisanzwe itanga 300 - 700 yikurikiranya ryumuriro mbere yuko ubushobozi bugabanuka kugera kuri 80% byumwimerere-bitarenze munsi ya 1.500-3000 byagezweho na bateri ya LFP. Iyi mbogamizi ituruka ku gushonga kwa manganese muri electrolyte, ibintu byihuta ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru.

Uburyo bwo gusesa burimo Mn²⁺ ion zitandukanya imiterere ya cathode, cyane cyane imbere ya acide hydrofluoric (HF) ituruka kubora bwa electrolyte. Izi ion zashongeshejwe zimuka kuri anode, aho zibika kandi zikabangamira urwego rukomeye rwa electrolyte (SEI). Igihe kirenze, iyi nzira itesha electrode zombi, igabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri muri rusange.

Ingufu zingana zigabanya ubushobozi bwa LMO mubisabwa bisaba ubushobozi bwo kubika byinshi. Batteri ya LMO igera kuri 100 - 150 Wh / kg, ugereranije na 150-250 Wh / kg kuri NMC na 250-300 Wh / kg kuri cathodes nyinshi. Ku binyabiziga byamashanyarazi bishyira imbere urugendo rurerure rwo gutwara, iki cyuho cyingufu zingufu zihinduka muburyo bugabanutse kuri mileage kuri charge cyangwa kongera uburemere bwa bateri kugirango ugere kurwego rumwe.

Jahn {{0} effect Ingaruka zumucuruzi zitera indi mbogamizi. Iyo isohotse munsi ya 3V, Mn³⁺ ion zigenda zigoreka geometrike ihindura imiterere ya cubic spinel muburyo bwa tetragonal. Iki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho gitera anisotropic ingano ihinduka - kristu yaguka cyane mubyerekezo bimwe kuruta ibindi. Gusiganwa ku magare inshuro nyinshi binyuze muri iyi nzibacyuho bitera guhangayika, bigira uruhare mu kugabanuka no amaherezo yo kwangirika.

Abashakashatsi bakoresheje ingamba zitandukanye zo kugabanya. Ububiko bwo hejuru ukoresheje ibikoresho nka oxyde ya aluminium (Al₂O₃), dioxyde de titanium (TiO₂), cyangwa karubone ikora ya karubone irashobora kubuza isenyuka rya manganese ikora inzitizi yo kubarinda. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwerekanye ko ububiko bwa atome bwa Al₂O₃ bwatwikiriye ubuzima bwikurikiranya kuva kuri 500 kugeza ku 1200 bikumira electrolyte itaziguye na cathode.

Ingamba za Doping zirimo gusimbuza umubare muto wibintu byamahanga muburyo bwa spinel. Kwinjizamo ibintu nka aluminium, nikel, cyangwa chromium birashobora guhagarika imiterere ya kristu no kugabanya Jahn - Ingaruka yabacuruzi. Ubushakashatsi bwasohowe mu 2024 bwerekanye ko gusimbuza kabiri na aluminium na fluor muri LiMn₂₋ₓAlₓO₄₋yFy bivanze byazamuye ubushyuhe bukabije -.

Kurenga shingiro LiMn₂O₄ spinel, impinduka nyinshi zagaragaye kugirango zikemure ibisabwa byihariye. Litiyumu - ibikoresho bya manganese bikungahaye (LRMO), hamwe na formula rusange Li₁₊ₓMn₂₋ₓO₄ cyangwa ibice bya Li₂MnO₃, bitanga ubushobozi bwiyongereye burenga 250 mAh / g. Ibi bikoresho byitabiriwe cyane mumyaka yashize mugihe abashakashatsi bakora kugirango bakemure ibibazo byabo hamwe na voltage igabanuka no kudakora neza kwambere.

Hejuru - voltage spinel variant nka LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄ (LNMO) ikora hafi ya 4.7V, itanga ingufu nyinshi zingana na 200 Wh / kg. Toyota yatangaje gahunda mu 2024 yo gusohora imodoka y’amashanyarazi ya prototype ikoresha cathodes ya LNMO mu 2026, ikaba ifite intego ya kilometero 400. Ikibazo na LNMO kiri mumashanyarazi ya electrolyte kumuvuduko mwinshi, wangiza kandi ugatanga gaze mugihe cyamagare. Fluorine electrolyte yakozwe nabashakashatsi mu 2023 yagabanije gaze 90%, bikemura iki kibazo.

Kwubaka cathode yubatswe ihuza LMO nibindi bikoresho kugirango tunoze imikorere. Bateri ya M3P ya CATL ikomatanya manganese - ibihimbano bikungahaye hamwe na fosifate - ishingiye kuri chimie, igera ku giciro cyo hasi ya 15% ugereranije na bateri zisanzwe za NMC mugihe gikomeza imikorere irushanwa. Ubu buryo bwahujwe bugaragaza icyerekezo cyinganda zigana cathode yihariye igenewe porogaramu aho kuba - ibisubizo bya chimie.

Imiterere ya manganese oxyde yubatswe, mugihe idakunze kugaragara kuruta spinels, itanga imikorere itandukanye. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 kuri Li - birnessite, oxyde ya lithium manganese igizwe na disikuru yagenzuwe, yerekanye umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare usubira hafi y’ubushobozi bwa tewolojiya mu guhagarika inzibacyuho zitifuzwa. Icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi cyerekana ko ubwubatsi bwubaka bwitondewe kurwego rwa atome bushobora gutsinda imipaka ya LMO.

Ubucuruzi bwa LMO mubusanzwe bukoresha synthèse ikomeye -, aho lisiyumu karubone (Li₂CO₃) cyangwa hydroxide ya lithium (LiOH) ifata hamwe na oxyde ya manganese kubushyuhe bwo hejuru (dogere 700-900). Igikorwa cyo kubara kigize imiterere ya spinel, hamwe nubunini bwingingo na morphologie bigenzurwa nubushyuhe, igihe, hamwe no guhitamo mbere.

Iterambere mu nganda rigamije kugabanya ibiciro no kuzamura imitungo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwateje imbere inzira yuzuye ya synthesis itangirira ku bucukuzi bwa manganese aho kuba dioxyde de electrolytike ya manganese (EMD). Ubu buryo butaziguye - uhereye kuri - uburyo bwamabuye y'agaciro, ukoresheje acide acide ikurikirwa no kubora ubushyuhe hamwe na reaction- ya leta, yageze kuri 96.1% yo gukuramo manganese mugihe itanga LMO ikora amashanyarazi ugereranije nibikoresho bisanzwe.

Igisubizo - gishingiye kuri synthesis uburyo bwa hydrothermal cyangwa sol - tekinike ya gel itanga igenzura ryiza kubunini bwa morphologie. Ubu buryo bushobora kubyara nanoscale LMO hamwe nubuso bwiyongereye, birashoboka kuzamura imikorere. Nyamara, uburyo bwo gukemura busanzwe butwara byinshi kandi bipima bitagoranye kuruta gukomera - synthesis ya leta kubyara umusaruro wubucuruzi.

Tekinike yo guhindura isura ikoreshwa mugihe cyangwa nyuma ya synthesis irashobora kuzamura imikorere ya LMO. Uburyo bwo gutwikira hakoreshejwe imyuka ya chimique, kubika atome, cyangwa uburyo bwa chimique butose bukoresha uburyo bwo gukingira kugabanya marangane. Ubunini bwa coater, mubisanzwe 5 - 20 nanometero, bigomba kuringaniza uburinzi bwo kwirinda ion transport - impuzu zibyimbye zitanga uburinzi bwiza ariko buhoro buhoro lithium-ion.

Isoko rya LMO cathode ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 2.31 z'amadolari mu 2024, biteganijwe ko izamuka ryiyongera kugera kuri miliyari 4.29 z'amadolari muri 2033 ku kigero cyo kwiyongera ku mwaka kingana na 7.1%. Uku kwaguka kwerekana kwiyongera kwa batiri ya lithium muri rusange hamwe nibyiza bya LMO mubisabwa bimwe.

Imbaraga z'akarere zerekana Aziya ya pasifika yiganje hafi 54% by'isoko (miliyari 1.25 $ muri 2024). Ubushinwa, Ubuyapani, na Koreya yepfo byakira inganda zikomeye kandi zitwara umusaruro nibisabwa. Inkunga ya leta kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi no kubika ingufu zishobora kongera ingufu muri ibi bihugu byunguka byimazeyo LMO. Amerika y'Amajyaruguru n'Uburayi hamwe hamwe bingana na 45% by'isoko, hamwe n'iterambere riterwa no gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi n'imishinga yo kubika ingufu.

Irushanwa riva muri chimisties ya cathode ihindura isoko rya LMO. Litiyumu ya fosifate yungutse cyane, cyane cyane mu Bushinwa, kubera ubuzima bwayo bwikurikiranya ndetse n’ibiranga umutekano. Ikinyuranyo cyibiciro hagati ya LMO na LFP cyaragabanutse uko umusaruro wa LFP wagabanutse. Nyamara, LMO ikomeza ibyiza mumbaraga zihariye na voltage, ikomeza icyicaro cyayo murwego rwo hejuru -.

Iterambere rya politiki rigira ingaruka kuri LMO. Amabwiriza y’ibihugu 2027 y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi ashyiraho ibisabwa birambye hamwe na manda yo gukurikirana ibintu. Aya mabwiriza arashobora gushyigikira manganese - ishingiye kuri chimisties hejuru ya cobalt - ubundi buryo bukomeye kubera impungenge z’ibidukikije n’imyitwarire. Ibyifuzo bimwe birimo amafaranga yinyongera kubintu bya cobalt, bishobora gutuma LMO ihendutse 20% ugereranije na NMC kumasoko amwe aramutse ashyizwe mubikorwa.

Inkunga yubushakashatsi iragaragaza inyungu zikomeje muri batteri ya manganese -. Minisiteri y’ingufu muri Amerika yageneye miliyari 2 z'amadolari ya manganese - ishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa batiri n’iterambere kuva mu 2024-2027, yibanda ku kuzamura ubwinshi bw’ingufu n’ubuzima bwa cycle mu gihe ikomeza inyungu z’ibiciro. Iki kimenyetso cyishoramari cyerekana ko leta yemera uruhare rwa manganese mugutandukanya iminyururu ya batiri kure yamabuye y'agaciro nka cobalt.

Gukomera - guhuza bateri ya leta byerekana intambwe ishobora guterwa na tekinoroji ya LMO. Electrolytes ikomeye ikuraho electrolyte yamazi yorohereza marangane, birashoboka gukemura uburyo bwibanze bwa LMO. Amakuru ya QuantumScape 2024 kuri LMO ahujwe na electrolytike ceramic ceramic yageze ku ncuro 500 ku gipimo cya 1C, nubwo kurwanya interineti bikomeza kuba hejuru inshuro eshatu ugereranije n’utugingo ngengabuzima twa electrolyte. Toyota ikomeye - prototype ya leta ikoresheje cathode ya LiMn₂O₄ hamwe na Li₃PS₄ electrolyte yerekanaga ingufu za 300 Wh / kg, zegera imikorere ya NMC mugihe zikomeza umutekano wa LMO.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Gusobanukirwa LMO bisaba imiterere murwego rwagutse rwa litiro. Litiyumu cobalt oxyde (LCO) itanga ingufu nyinshi (140-180 Wh / kg) ariko ikababazwa nubushyuhe buke bwumuriro nigiciro kinini. LCO yiganjemo ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa aho ubunini bufite agaciro kuruta ikiguzi cyangwa kuramba, ariko impungenge z'umutekano zigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo muburyo bunini bwa porogaramu.

Litiyumu fer fosifate (LFP) itanga ubuzima budasanzwe (2000 - 5.000 cycle) hamwe numutekano urenze, ukorera kuri voltage yo hasi (nominal 3.2V). Ubucucike bwa LFP (90 - 120 Wh / kg) bugwa munsi ya LMO, ariko kuramba kwayo bituma ubukungu bukoreshwa mubisabwa aho amafaranga yo gusimbuza kenshi arenze igiciro cyambere cyo kugura. Isoko ry’imodoka z’amashanyarazi mu Bushinwa rigenda ryishimira LFP ku binyabiziga bisanzwe, mu gihe ivangwa rya LMO-NMC rikomeje kuba rusange ku masoko ashyira imbere imikorere.

Bateri ya Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) itanga ingufu nyinshi muburyo bwo gucuruza ubu (150 - 250 Wh / kg), bigatuma bahitamo ibinyabiziga by'amashanyarazi birebire. Nyamara, NMC igura amafaranga menshi cyane kubera nikel na cobalt, kandi impungenge ziterwa nubushyuhe busaba sisitemu zo gucunga neza bateri. Amashanyarazi ya LMO arenze NMC mugihe gito, ayiha umurongo wa progaramu ya Hybrid isaba kwihuta.

Batteri ya Litiyumu titanate (LTO) ikoresha anode yahinduwe aho kuba cathode itandukanye, ariko igereranya ryerekana ko ryigisha. LTO itanga kuramba cyane (10, 000+ cycle) n'umutekano ariko ku mbaraga nke cyane (50 - 80 Wh / kg). Gukomatanya kwa LTO anode hamwe na cathodes ya LMO ikora bateri zashyizwe mubikorwa byihariye nka sisitemu ya bisi yihuta cyane, byerekana uburyo guhuza chimie bishobora kwibanda kubisabwa.

Umuvuduko wo guhanga LMO wihuse mumyaka yashize mugihe abashakashatsi bakemuye aho bigarukira. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 mu kinyamakuru cya American Chemical Society bwasobanuye oxyde ya lithium manganese oxyde ifite imiterere idahwitse y’imiterere yagendaga ku magare asubira inyuma y’ubushobozi bw’imyumvire. Abashakashatsi bifashishije ion guhana no kugenzura umwuma kugira ngo Li - imiterere ya birnessite ihagarike kwimuka kwa manganese no gusenyuka.

Ingamba zo guhindura isura zikomeje guhinduka. Abashakashatsi mu 2024 berekanye ko graphene enapsulation ya LMO yazamuye ubushobozi bwa 15% mugihe cyo kongera ubuzima bwinzira. Imiterere ya graphene yoroheje yakira impinduka zijwi mugihe cyamagare mugihe zitanga amashanyarazi no kurinda isenyuka rya manganese. Ubu buryo bwerekana inzira yagutse yerekeza kuri nanoscale yubuhanga bwibikoresho bya cathode.

Ihuriro ryibanze ryagaragaye nkicyerekezo cyiza. Aho guhimba kimwe muri buri gice, ibyo bikoresho biratandukana bivuye kumurongo. Buhoro buhoro inzibacyuho ikuraho intera idahuye itera gucika muburyo bworoshye. Amatsinda menshi yubushakashatsi yatangaje ko umutekano wifashe neza ukoresheje ubu buryo, nubwo gushyira mubikorwa ubucuruzi bikiri bike.

Imashini yiga imashini yatangiye guhuza LMO synthesis hamwe nimikorere. Abashakashatsi bakoresheje uburyo bwo kubara kugirango bahanure dopant ikomatanya iteza imbere imiterere, igabanya igeragezwa - na - igeragezwa ryamakosa risanzwe risabwa mugutezimbere ibikoresho. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwahanuye neza aluminiyumu - nikel co - igipimo cya doping cyo gukora ubushyuhe bwo hejuru -, ubushakashatsi bwakurikiyeho bwemeza.

Umwirondoro wibidukikije wa LMO urerekana ibyiza nibibazo. Gukuramo Manganese bisaba imbaraga nke - gutunganya cyane kuruta cobalt cyangwa nikel, kandi ubwinshi bwibintu bigabanya umuvuduko wimibiri yubutare. Nyamara, ubucukuzi bwa manganese buracyatanga ingaruka ku bidukikije binyuze mu guhungabanya ubutaka, gukoresha amazi, no kwanduza niba bidacunzwe neza.

Isuzuma ryubuzima bugereranya imiti ya batiri ya lithium yerekana ko LMO ikora neza mukirenge cya karubone kubera ibisabwa bike byo gutunganya no kurandura cobalt. Ubushakashatsi bwimbitse 2023 bwabazwe bateri ya LMO itanga hafi 15 - 20% imyuka ihumanya ikirere mugihe cyo gukora ugereranije na NMC ihwanye na kilowati.

Gusubiramo ibikorwa remezo bya LMO bibaho muri sisitemu yagutse ya batiri ya lithium. Hydrometallurgical nzira irashobora kugarura manganese, lithium, nibindi bice bifite imikorere myiza. Nyamara, agaciro gake ugereranije na manganese yagaruwe ugereranije na cobalt cyangwa nikel bigabanya imbaraga zubukungu mugutunganya. Inshingano za politiki zo gutunganya bateri, nk'izishyirwa mu bikorwa mu Burayi, birashoboka ko izamura ibiciro bya LMO bititaye ku bukungu bwiza.

Icyakabiri - Porogaramu zubuzima zitanga indi nzira irambye. Batteri ya LMO yangiritse kurenza ikoreshwa ryimodoka akenshi igumana ubushobozi buhagije bwo kubika ingufu zihagaze, aho uburemere nubucucike bwingufu bitari bike mubinyabiziga. Porogaramu nyinshi zicyitegererezo zisubiramo bateri yimodoka yamashanyarazi irimo pansiyo irimo LMO cathodes yo kubika ingufu zizuba, ikongerera ubuzima muri rusange kandi igateza imbere ibidukikije.

Niki gituma bateri ya LMO itekana kuruta ubundi bwoko bwa lithium - ion?

Imiterere ya spinel kristal ya LMO itanga ubushyuhe bwumuriro burwanya guhunga ubushyuhe. Cathodes ya Manganese ikomeza guhagarara neza mubushyuhe bwo hejuru kuruta cobalt - ubundi buryo bushingiye, kandi kutagira cobalt ikora cyane bigabanya ibyago byo kubora. Kwipimisha byerekana ko bateri ya LMO ifite 58% munsi yubushyuhe bwo guhunga ukurikije ibipimo byumutekano UL.

Kuki bateri ya LMO ifite igihe gito cyo kubaho kuruta bateri ya LFP?

Gusenyuka kwa Manganese muri electrolyte bitera ubushobozi bugenda bugabanuka muri bateri ya LMO. Mn²⁺ ion zitandukanya imiterere ya cathode, cyane cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, kandi yimukira kuri anode aho zibangamira imikorere ya electrode. Batteri ya LFP irinda ubu buryo kuko fosifate yicyuma ikora imiterere ihamye idashonga mubihe bisa.

Batteri ya LMO irashobora gukoreshwa mubushuhe bukabije?

Batteri ya LMO ikoresha ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kurenza ubundi buryo, ikora neza kugeza kuri dogere 60 (dogere 140 F). Ubushyuhe bukonje bugaragaza ko bigoye - nka bateri zose za lithium - ion, LMO ifite ubushobozi buke kandi ikongerera imbaraga imbere munsi ya dogere 0. Kwiheba kwa voltage biturutse ku bushyuhe bukonje bigira ingaruka kuri LMO kimwe nizindi chimisties.

Nigute LMO igereranya na LFP kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi?

LMO itanga imbaraga nyinshi (4.0V vs 3.2V) hamwe nogutanga amashanyarazi meza kugirango byihute, ariko ubuzima bwikurikiranya buke hamwe nubucucike bwingufu nkeya. LFP irusha abandi kuramba no kugiciro cyibinyabiziga bisanzwe -, mugihe LMO - NMC ivanga ikora neza kugirango ikore - ibinyabiziga biganisha ku gutanga amashanyarazi byihuse. Imigendekere yisoko yerekana chemisties zombi zibana kubice bitandukanye byimodoka aho kuba kimwe gisimbuza ikindi.

Lithium Manganese Oxide

Ubushakashatsi kuri iki kiganiro bwakuwe mu masoko menshi yemewe harimo urungano - rwasuzumye ibitabo mu kinyamakuru cya American Chemical Society, Battery & Supercaps, hamwe n’ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu. Amakuru yisoko yavuye mubigo bisesengura inganda harimo DataIntelo na Fortune Business Insights. Ibisobanuro bya tekinike byerekanaga ibikoresho biva mubakora bateri harimo NEI Corporation, Sigma - Aldrich, na CATL. Ibizamini byo gupima umutekano byaturutse ku bipimo bya UL kandi byatangaje isuzuma ry’umutekano ryatanzwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda (NHTSA).