Isahani ya Litiyumu ni iki?

Isahani ya Litiyumu ni ugushira litiyumu ya metani hejuru ya anode ya bateri ya lithium - ion mugihe cyo kwishyuza aho guhuza neza muburyo bwa grafite. Ibi bibaho mugihe ubushobozi bwa electrochemicique ya anode igabanutse cyangwa munsi ya lithium metallic metallic, bigatuma ion ya lithium ikora urwego rwicyuma aho kwinjizamo ibice bya grafite aho biri.

Mugihe cyo kwishyuza bisanzwe, lithium ion igenda kuva cathode ikagera kuri anode hanyuma igahuza - yinjizamo hagati ya atome ya grafite. Bitekerezeho nk'abagenzi binjira mu ndege, buzuza intebe mu buryo butondetse. Grafite anode, mubisanzwe ikoreshwa muri bateri ya lithium - ion harimo48v ebike ya batiriSisitemu, ifite imiterere itandukanye ishobora kwakira izo ion mumwanya wacyo.

Isahani ya Litiyumu ibaho mugihe iyi intercalation yananiwe. Aho kugirango winjire muri grafite, ioni ya lithium irundanya hejuru ya anode hanyuma ikagabanuka kuri lithium. Ubushobozi bwa anode buhinduka buringaniye cyangwa munsi yubushobozi bwa lithium metallic - mubyukuri hafi 0V hamwe nicyuma cya lithium - itera uku kudashaka.

Igishushanyo gikoreshwa muri bateri nyinshi - ion zifite ubushobozi bwa electrochemicique hafi ya lithium metallic iyo yuzuyemo ioni ya lithium. Kuba hafi bitera intege nke. Iyo intercalation idashobora kugendana na ion yinjira, ion nta kundi byagenda usibye kubitsa nkicyuma hejuru.

Abashakashatsi bo muri kaminuza ya Purdue basobanura ko ari ioni ya lithium yegeranya hejuru ya anode kandi ikabika ubutare bwa metani bubuza gutwara izindi ion. Iyo bariyeri imaze kuboneka, irinda imikorere ya bateri ikwiye guhagarika inzira ya lithium ion ikenera kunyuramo mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora.

lithium plating

Ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi birema uburyo bwo gusya lithium, buri kimwe kijyanye nigipimo ioni ya lithium ishobora guhuza na anode ya grafite.

Kwishyuza Byihuse Kubiciro Byinshi

Kwishyuza byihuse bisunika lithium ion yerekeza kuri anode ku kigero cyihuse kuruta uko gishobora guhuza. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ku gipimo cya 2C cyo kwishyuza no hejuru, isahani ya lithium irashoboka cyane. Inzira ya intercalation ifite umuvuduko ntarengwa - niba urenze iyo ukoresheje amashanyarazi menshi, lithium ion umurongo hejuru hejuru utegereje kwinjira. Uku gusubira inyuma gutuma ubuso bwa anode bugera kuri 100% yuburyo bwishyurwa ryaho nubwo selile rusange ituzuye, igabanya ubushobozi munsi yurwego rukomeye.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwerekanye ko selile zishyizwe kuri 4C zagize ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kugabanuka, hamwe no gupakira ibintu bikomeretsa ikibazo. Kuri ibi bipimo bikabije, ion yinjira irenga grafite ubushobozi bwo kubyemera, bisa no kugerageza guhuza abantu benshi cyane mumuryango muto.

Kwishyura Ubushyuhe Buke

Ubukonje butinda gukomera - leta ikwirakwiza lithium ion mubice bya grafite. Ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya dogere 10, na cyane cyane munsi ya dogere 0, kinetics ya intercalation ihinduka ubunebwe kubera kugabanuka kwa ionic. N'amashanyarazi aringaniye arashobora gutera isahani mugihe hakonje bihagije.

Abafite ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi mubihe bikonje barabibona. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri igabanya umuvuduko wumuriro mugihe cyimbeho kugirango wirinde isahani. Ubushyuhe bwiza bwo kwishyuza bwicara hagati ya dogere 10 na dogere 30 kuri bateri nyinshi za lithium - ion. Munsi ya dogere 5, ibyago biriyongera cyane.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2018 bwerekanye ko isahani ya lithium yabayeho mu gihe cyo kwishyuza 3.5C kuri dogere 0, igaragazwa na plateau iranga voltage mugihe cyo kuruhuka nyuma yo kwishyuza. Ibinyuranye, selile imwe yerekanaga nta isahani yubushyuhe bwicyumba.

Kurenza Anode

Niba lithium nyinshi ihatirwa muri anode kuruta ubushobozi bwayo ibemerera, isahani ibaho byanze bikunze. Abakora bateri mubisanzwe barenga anode ugereranije na cathode kugirango bakumire iki kintu. Iyo byateguwe neza, anode ntigomba na rimwe kugera kubushobozi bwukuri 100% mugihe gisanzwe. Nyamara, gukora inenge, ubusumbane bwakagari mumapaki ya batiri, cyangwa imikorere ikabije irashobora kurenga ubwo burinzi.

Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki byibanda kubintu birenze - itandukaniro rya voltage itwara amashanyarazi ya chimique irenze uko iringaniye. Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, inzitizi nyinshi zitera imbaraga zirenze urugero: gutwara lithium ion binyuze muri electrolyte, kugenda unyuze murwego rukomeye - electrolyte interphase (SEI) igereranya anode, hanyuma ikwirakwizwa muburyo bwa grafite.

Iyo igiteranyo cyibi birenze urugero kirenze icyuho gito cya voltage hagati ya grafite ya litiro (~ 0.1V na Li / Li⁺) na lithium metallic (0V), ubushobozi bwa anode bwambukiranya mubutaka bubi nicyuma cya lithium. Kuri iyi ngingo, ihitamo rya termodinamike irahinduka. Kugabanya lithium ion kuri metallic lithium iba nziza cyane ugereranije na intercalation.

Ikinyuranyo ni milivolts 100-200 gusa mubihe byiza. Shyira sisitemu hamwe numuyoboro mwinshi cyangwa uyitinde hamwe nubushyuhe bukonje, kandi ibyo birenze urugero byoroshye guhuza iyo ntera nto. Ibikorwa byo kwerekana imideli biheruka gukorwa mu 2025 byateje imbere imvugo yisesengura ijyanye nigihe cyo gutangiriraho igihe cyo gukora nuburyo ibintu bifatika, bifasha kumenya igihe isahani izatangirira mubihe bitandukanye.

Ibintu - imiterere imwe ituma ibintu biba bibi. Niba gukwirakwiza electrolyte hejuru ya electrode bitaringaniye - wenda bitewe nigitutu cyiteraniro cyangwa inenge zo gupakira - uduce tumwe na tumwe twa anode twakira electrolyte idahagije. Utu turere dufite ubucucike bwibanze bwaho kandi byihuse leta - ya - yishyurwa ryiyongera, bigatuma amasahani yegeranye nubwo ibintu byose bisa nkaho ari umutekano.

Lithium isize yose ntabwo itera kwangirika burundu. Lithium metallic ibika mugihe cyo kwishyuza irashobora gufata inzira ebyiri.

Isahani ihindagurika

Lithium isize imwe isubira inyuma mugihe cyo gusohora cyangwa buhoro buhoro ihuza grafite nyuma yumuriro uhagaze. Iyi plaque "reversible" ntabwo ihita igabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri ikoreshwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakoresheje neutron diffaction bwerekanye ko 70% ya litiro isanzwe muri electrolytite isanzwe isohoka mugihe cyo gusohora mubihe bimwe na bimwe.

Kwiyongera kwa karubone ya fluoroethylene kuri electrolytite yerekanye kunoza iyi ihinduka kuburyo bugaragara. Mugihe cyo kuruhuka nyuma yo kwishyurwa byihuse, lithium metallic irashobora kwitwara buhoro buhoro hamwe na grafite, igahuza hagati yabyo murwego rwo gutinda, buhoro.

Isahani idasubirwaho hamwe na Litiyumu yapfuye

Igice giteye ikibazo nikibaho kidasubirwaho. Uburyo bwinshi bufunga lithium burundu kugirango itazenguruka. Litiyumu isizwe hamwe na electrolyte, ikoresha lithium na electrolyte byombi bya parasitike. Iyi reaction itera imbaraga zo kongera kwiyongera kwa SEI, itwara lithium nyinshi na electrolyte.

Ikirushijeho kunenga, imiterere ya mossy, dendritic ya lithium isize ntabwo ihagaze neza. Mugihe cyo gusohora, igice cyo hejuru cya lithium dendrite kirashobora gucika, gutakaza amashanyarazi na anode. Bimaze kwigunga, SEI nshya ikikije ibyo bice. Kubera ko SEI ikingira amashanyarazi, iyi lithium ihinduka "yapfuye" - itaboneka burundu kugirango yishyurwe -.

Buri cyiciro cyo kwishyuza hamwe no gusya bigenda bigabanya ibikorwa bya lithium ikora. Ubushobozi bwa bateri burashira kuko hariho lithium nkeya iboneka kugirango ihindurwe hagati ya electrode. Coulometrie ihanitse irashobora kubimenya binyuze muburyo bugabanutse mubikorwa bya coulombic - igipimo cyubushobozi bwo gusohora kugirango bushobore kwishyurwa.

lithium plating

Mu bihe bikomeye, lithium isize ntigumaho nk'igitambaro kiringaniye. Irakura muburyo bwa dendritic - igiti - nkibimera bifite inshinge, inshinge - nkamashami arambuye hejuru ya anode.

Izi dendrite ziteza umutekano muke. Barashobora gutobora gutandukanya polymer yoroheje hagati ya anode na cathode, bigakora uruziga rugufi. Inzira ngufi itera kwihuta - gusohora selile byibuze, ikarekura ingufu nkubushyuhe. Mubihe bibi - ibintu, ibi biganisha ku guhunga ubushyuhe - urunigi rwerekana aho ubushyuhe bwihuta, bishobora guteza inkongi.

Ibyago byiyongera hamwe no gufata amasahani. Buri cyiciro cyihuta - cyikurikiranabihe mubihe bitameze neza byongera lithium metallic metallic, kandi dendrite ikura igihe kirekire. Niyo mpamvu sisitemu yo gucunga bateri mumodoka yamashanyarazi yibanda kubijyanye no kwishyuza protocole, cyane cyane mubihe bikonje cyangwa kurwego rwo hejuru.

Lithium ya metallic nayo ikora cyane hamwe na electrolytite nubushuhe, bikongerera ibyago byumuriro niba selile yangiritse nibirimo bikagaragara.

Kumenya isahani ya lithium itanga ikibazo kuko gufungura bateri bitanga ifoto gusa, kandi ingano ya lithium ya metallic ihinduka buri gihe. Abashakashatsi bakoze uburyo butandukanye bwo - bwo gutahura ibintu, hamwe nuburyo butandukanye.

Isesengura rya voltage

Uburyo bufatika bwa sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ikurikirana voltage nyuma yo kwishyuza guhagarara. Iyo isahani ibaye, lithium metallic yambura anode mugihe cyo kuruhuka, ikora plateau iranga voltage. Ibi bigaragara nkakarere karinganiye mumurongo wa voltage cyangwa impinga mugihe gikomoka kuri voltage.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwageze kuri 97% byerekana neza ukuri ukoresheje ibintu byakuwe mu mwirondoro wa voltage yo kuruhuka, hamwe na algorithm yo kwiga imashini. Uburyo bukora kuko kwiyambura lithium metallic bigumana voltage hafi yicyuma cya lithium kugeza igihe icyuma gishyizwe hejuru, nyuma ya voltage igabanuka cyane.

Ikibazo ni sensibilité. Kuruhuka kwa voltage mubisanzwe bisaba byibura 1% yubushobozi bwose bwo gushyirwaho mbere yuko ibimenyetso bisobanuka bihagije kugirango bimenyekane neza. Kugirango utabare hakiri kare, iyi mbogamizi ifite akamaro.

Isesengura ritandukanye rya voltage (DVA) hamwe nisesengura ryubushobozi bwiyongera (ICA)

DVA isuzuma umurongo wa dV / dQ - uburyo voltage ihinduka hamwe nubushobozi mugihe cyo gusohora. Impinga yinyongera igaragara mukarere kinzibacyuho hagati yo gukuramo ibyuma bya lithium na grafite de - intercalation mugihe isahani yabaye. ICA ikoresha umurongo wa dQ / dV kandi irashobora kwerekana isahani mugihe cyo kwishyuza.

Ubwo buryo bwombi butanga igice - amakuru yuzuye kubijyanye no gufata amasahani. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwerekanye ko DVA yerekana mu buryo butaziguye ubushobozi bwo gusohora muri lithium metallic binyuze mu mwanya wa plaque, mu gihe ubushobozi bwa mpinga ya ICA bukunda kuba hejuru ya lithiyumu yambuwe, byerekana igihombo kidasubirwaho.

Imyiyerekano Itandukanye

Uburyo bushya buvugwa muri Itumanaho rya Kamere bukoresha ibyuma byerekana ingufu kugirango umenye isahani mugihe nyacyo - mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Isahani ya Litiyumu itera umubyimba munini cyane kandi umuvuduko wiyongera kuruta intercalation isanzwe - birashoboka inshuro 7 kurenza ubushobozi bumwe.

Mugukurikirana inkomoko yumuvuduko mubijyanye nubushobozi (dP / dQ), sisitemu irashobora kumenya igihe agaciro karenze igipimo cyashyizweho mugihe cyo kwishyuza bisanzwe ku giciro gito. Ubu buryo burashobora gufata isahani mbere yuko gukura kwinshi kugaragara kandi bisaba gusa selile yumutwaro, bigatuma bikwiranye no guhuza ibicuruzwa.

Impedance - Uburyo bushingiye

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) no gukwirakwiza ibihe byo kwidagadura (DRT) birashobora kwerekana impinduka muburyo bwo kohereza amafaranga mugihe isahani ibaye. Isahani ihindura uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza amafaranga kandi ikora uburyo bushya bwo kohereza amafaranga kuri interineti ya lithium.

Ubu buryo buratanga amakuru menshi kubushakashatsi bwa laboratoire ariko busaba ibikoresho nubuhanga kabuhariwe, bigabanya imikoreshereze yabyo muri sisitemu yo gucunga bateri.

Uburyo bushya

Ultrasonic spectroscopy yerekana amasezerano yo gutahura hakiri kare - ikurikirana ibyiciro mugukurikirana impinduka mugukwirakwiza umuyaga wa acoustic ukoresheje selile. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2025 bwerekanye ko bwiyumvamo cyane mu kumenya isahani hamwe n’intera ntoya kuva muri leta - ya - itandukanye.

Fluorescence probe ikoresheje igiteranyo - molekile zanduza imyuka irashobora kubona neza lithium yashizwemo. Iyo 4 '{3}

lithium plating

Ingaruka zo gusya lithium zirenze gutakaza ubushobozi bwihuse kugirango bigire ingaruka mubice byinshi byimikorere ya bateri.

Ubushobozi burashira

Buri rugero rwo gusya rukuraho lithiyumu mubikorwa bikora binyuze mubitekerezo bidasubirwaho no gukora lithium yapfuye. Nubwo 70% yambuye inyuma, 30% isigaye yerekana gutakaza ubushobozi buhoraho. Hamwe nibisahani inshuro nyinshi mugihe cyo kwishyuza byihuse, ibi birundanya vuba.

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekana ko selile zifite lithium zishobora gutakaza 20 - 30% yubushobozi muri cycle 50-100, ugereranije no kwangirika gukabije mubihe bisanzwe byo kwishyuza. Igipimo cyo kuzimangana biterwa nuburemere bwububiko-bingana na lithium yabitswe kuri buri cyiciro.

Ubushobozi bwo Kwangirika

Lithium isizwe hamwe nubunini bwa SEI byongera imbaraga zo kurwanya imbere. Kurwanya cyane bisobanura kugabanuka kwa voltage munsi yumutwaro, kugabanya imbaraga bateri ishobora gutanga. Ibi bifite akamaro cyane cyane kubisabwa bisaba umuvuduko mwinshi, nko kwihuta mumodoka yamashanyarazi.

Igice cya metallic nacyo gihagarika ibice byubuso bwa anode, bikagabanya agace gakoreshwa kuboneka kwimurwa. Izi mbaraga zisigaye zikora kugirango zitware ubucucike buri hejuru, byihuta kwangirika muburyo bubi.

Kugabanuka kwa Electrolyte

Imyitwarire hagati ya lithium isizwe na electrolyte itwara urugero rwa electrolyte. Kubera ko electrolyte yorohereza ubwikorezi bwa ion, kugabanuka kwayo kuzamura imbaraga muri selile. Electrolyte idahagije irashobora guhinduka ikintu kigabanya ubuzima bwa bateri, nubwo ibikoresho bya electrode bigifite ubushobozi.

Kwirinda isahani ya lithium bisaba uburyo bwinshi - uburyo butandukanye bwerekana ibikoresho, igishushanyo mbonera, hamwe na protocole yo kwishyuza.

Gukwirakwiza Porotokole

Algorithms yubushakashatsi bwubwenge ikurikirana imiterere yimikorere kandi igahindura ibyagezweho kugirango igume munsi yurwego. Sisitemu zimwe zigereranya ubushobozi bwa anode mugihe nyacyo - ukoresheje imiyoboro ya neural yatojwe kumakuru menshi yubushakashatsi, hamwe namakuru yatanzwe muri milivolts 2.

Iyo ugereranije anode ishobora kwegera 0V na lithium, amashanyarazi yumuriro agabanuka byikora. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryerekanye ko bateri ikoresha ubu buryo bwo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ishobora kwishyurwa inshuro ebyiri mbere yo kwangirika ugereranije no guhora kwishyurwa -.

Mbere - gushyushya bateri mbere yo kwishyuza mubihe bikonje bikunze kugaragara mumodoka yamashanyarazi, nubwo byongera igihe ningufu zikoreshwa. Sisitemu zimwe zateye imbere zikoresha ibintu byo gushyushya imbere bishobora gushyushya byihuse selile imbere mumasegonda 30, bigafasha kwishyurwa byihuse ndetse no kuri dogere -20 idafite isahani.

Gutezimbere Ibikoresho

Ubuso bwubuso bwibice bya grafite birashobora kongera lithium - ion transport hamwe na intercalation kinetics. Ibikoresho nka dioxyde de titanium (TiO₂), oxyde ya aluminium (Al₂O₃), na titanium - niobium oxyde (TiNb₂O₇) byagaragaje inyungu mu bushakashatsi 2024.

Iyi myenda ikora mukuringaniza ubwikorezi bwa electron na ion, kugabanya imbaraga zaho zishobora gutera isahani. Bamwe barema lithium - fosifide - ishingiye kuri kristaline ya SEI yorohereza ubushobozi bwo kwishyuza byihuse.

Electrode yoroheje igabanya ikwirakwizwa rya lithium ion igomba kugenda mubice, bikagabanya imbaraga zidasanzwe. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko kugabanya umubyimba wa electrode kuva kuri 100 mm kugeza kuri 50 mm byateye imbere byihuse - kwihanganira kwishyurwa, nubwo ku giciro cyo kugabanya ingufu zingana kuri buri jwi.

Ubwubatsi bwa Electrolyte

Ahantu hejuru - kwibanda kuri electrolytike (LHCE) byagaragaje iterambere ryibonekeje muburyo bwo guhinduranya no kugenzura morphologie. Izi mikorere zirema ibishishwa byokuzenguruka hafi ya lithium ion kuri interineti ya electrode mugihe ukoresheje - gukemura ibibazo muri electrolyte nyinshi.

Igisubizo ni LiF - ikungahaye cyane - intera ya electrolyte ituma imikorere ya coulombic ikora neza (99,9%) hamwe na lithium isahani (99,95%). Ubushakashatsi bugera kuri 2024 buvuga ko electrolytite ikomeza gukora no kuri dogere - 30, bikemura ikibazo cyubukonje.

Ongeramo fluoroethylene karubone cyangwa izindi firime - gukora inyongeramusaruro ishimangira urwego rwa SEI, bigatuma irwanya ihungabana rituruka kumihindagurikire yijwi mugihe cyo gufata no kuyambura. Ibi bigabanya reaction ya parasitike kandi itezimbere igice cya lithium isize isubira inyuma.

Ubwiza bw'inganda

Kugenzura ikwirakwizwa ryumuvuduko umwe, guhuza neza na electrode, hamwe no kuzuza electrolyte ihoraho mugihe cyo gukora birinda ingingo zintege nke zaho aho isahani igaragara. Gukwirakwiza - gukwirakwiza electrolyte birashobora gutera impeta - nkibishushanyo mbonera, hamwe no gushira muri electrolyte - zone zikize.

Anode ikwiye - kugeza - igipimo cya cathode (igipimo cya N / P) gitanga intera yumutekano. Kurenza anode 10-20% ugereranije nubushobozi bwa cathode ituma anode ikora neza munsi yurwego rwayo rwa lithiation ndetse no mugihe cyo kwishyuza.

Igice. Igice kinini cya lithium isize irashobora gusubira inyuma mugihe cyo gusohora cyangwa guhuza buhoro buhoro muri anode nyuma yo kwishyuza guhagarara, cyane cyane na electrolytite yakozwe neza. Nyamara, igice kimwe gihora kidasubirwaho binyuze mubitekerezo hamwe na electrolyte cyangwa kwigunga kumubiri kuri electrode. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana 60-70% guhinduka mubihe byiza, bivuze 30-40% bitera gutakaza ubushobozi buhoraho.

Ibi biterwa nubushyuhe nigishushanyo mbonera, ariko ibyago byo gufata byiyongera cyane hejuru ya 1-1.5C mubushyuhe bwicyumba cya selile zisanzwe. Kuri dogere 0, ndetse 0.5C irashobora gutera isahani. Ingirabuzimafatizo zigezweho zifite anode nziza na electrolytite zirashobora rimwe na rimwe gukora 2-3C mubushyuhe bwicyumba neza. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri mubisanzwe igabanya kwishyurwa kuri 0.5-1C munsi ya dogere 10 murwego rwo kwirinda.

Hatariho ibikoresho kabuhariwe, biragoye kubimenya neza. Ibimenyetso birimo imbaraga zidasanzwe zishira nyuma yo kwishyurwa byihuse cyangwa imbeho {{1} use gukoresha ikirere, birebire kuruta voltage isanzwe "kumanika igihe" nyuma yo kwishyuza birangiye, cyangwa kugabanya ubushobozi bwingufu. Niba igikoresho cyawe gikoresha voltage - kugenzura imyidagaduro, irashobora kwerekana ibishobora kuba byerekana ibyapa. Ikizamini cyumwuga ukoresheje impedance spectroscopy cyangwa itandukaniro rya voltage itandukanye itanga ibisubizo byuzuye.

Isahani iringaniye itera cyane cyane imikorere idahwitse aho kuba ibibazo byumutekano byihuse. Akaga kiyongera hamwe nisahani ikabije, isubirwamo ikora dendrite ishobora kwinjira mubitandukanya. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri yashizweho kugirango ibuze isahani kugera ku ntera iteje akaga, ariko ikorera hanze yihariye - nko kwihuta inshuro - kwishyuza ubukonje bukabije - byongera ibyago mugihe.

Ukuri kwa litiyumu yerekana uburinganire bwitondewe busabwa muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri. Shyira umuvuduko mwinshi cyane, kandi wangiza bateri. Kora mubihe bikonje nta kwirinda neza, kandi isahani ibaho. Nyamara icyifuzo cyo kwishyurwa byihuse hamwe nubushyuhe bwagutse bwo gukora bikomeje kwiyongera, cyane cyane mumodoka yamashanyarazi.

Iterambere rya vuba muburyo bwo gutahura, ubwenge bwo kwishyuza algorithms, hamwe nibikoresho byanonosoye bigabanya itandukaniro riri hagati yibyo abakoresha bashaka nicyo bateri zishobora gutanga neza. Nukuri - igihe cyo gutondekanya igihe kigera kuri 99%, hamwe na protocole yo kwishyiriraho imihindagurikire y'ikirere, bivuze ko bateri zishobora kwegera imipaka y’imibiri yazo bitanyuze mu karere k’akaga.

Kubantu bose bakorana na lithium - bateri ion - haba muri ebike, terefone zigendanwa, cyangwa ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi - gusobanukirwa plaque ya lithium itanga ubushishozi kumpamvu bateri yitwara nkuko ikora. Izi mbago za voltage, kugabanya umuvuduko wubwishyu, hamwe nuburira bwubushyuhe burahari kubwimpamvu zikomeye zamashanyarazi, kurinda ibarura rya lithium igena igihe bateri yawe izagukorera.