Organic Electrolyte ni iki?

Electrolyte kama nigisubizo kiyobora aho ibinyabuzima kama nkibishishwa byumunyu ushonga. Izi electrolytite zituma ion itwara hagati ya electrode muri bateri ukoresheje karubone - ikomoka kumashanyarazi nka karubone ya Ethylene cyangwa karubone ya dimethyl, kuruta amazi cyangwa ibikoresho bidasanzwe.

Niba warigeze kwibazabateri ya lithiumbikozwe, electrolyte yicaye kumutima wimikorere yayo. Litiyumu - bateri ion ziterwa na electrolytike kama kugirango ihindurwe ion ya lithium hagati ya cathode na anode mugihe cyo kwishyuza no gusohora. Hatariho ubu buryo bwamazi, bateri ntishobora gukora.

Ibigize bisanzwe birimo umunyu wa lithium - cyane cyane lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) - yashonga mu ruvange rwumuti ukungahaye. Ibi bitanga igisubizo hamwe nubushobozi buke bwa ionic butuma lithium ion yuzuye neza igenda yisanzuye mugihe ikumira electroni, byatera imiyoboro migufi.

Litiyumu yubucuruzi - bateri ya ion ikoresha organic aho gukoresha amazi (amazi - ishingiye) electrolytite kubwimpamvu yibanze: imashanyarazi ikomeza guhagarara neza kuri voltage irenga volt 4.5, mugihe amazi yangirika hejuru ya 1.23 volt mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Iyi nyungu ya voltage isobanurwa neza muri bateri nyinshi.

Ibigize electrolytike kama biratandukanye bitewe nibisabwa, ariko ibisubizo byinshi byiganje:

Carbone ya Cycle:

Ethylene karubone (EC) itanga dielectric ihoraho kandi ihindagurika cyane yumunyu, nubwo ikomeye mubushyuhe bwicyumba

Propylene karubone (PC) ikomeza kuba amazi ariko irashobora gutera grafite exfoliation mubikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya anode

Vinylene karubone (VC) ikunze kugaragara nkinyongera kugirango iteze imbere electrode

Umurongo wa Carbone:

Dimethyl carbone (DMC) itanga ubukonje buke bwo gutwara neza ion

Diethyl carbone (DEC) iringaniza ubworoherane n'umutekano

Ethyl methyl carbone (EMC) ikomatanya imiterere ya DMC na DEC

Ibicuruzwa byinshi byubucuruzi bivanga cycle na karubone. Uruvange rusanzwe rushobora kuba rufite 30% EC hamwe na 70% DEC, bigakora amazi hamwe nubushobozi buhanitse hamwe nubwiza bukwiye. Lithium ku isi - ion bateri ya electrolyte solvent isoko yageze kuri miliyari 10.55 z'amadolari mu 2024 bikaba biteganijwe ko izagera kuri miliyari 28.12 z'amadolari muri 2034, bikagaragaza akamaro gakomeye k'ibi bikoresho.

Ether - Bishingiye kuri Solvents:

1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) itanga ituze hamwe na anithi ya lithium

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) itanga ubukonje buke

1,3-dioxolane itezimbere umukino wo gusiganwa ku magare

Abashakashatsi kandi barimo gukora iperereza ku mazi ya ionic nk'uburyo butandukanye. Iyi myunyu yashongeshejwe ikomeza kuba amazi mubushyuhe bwicyumba kandi itanga umuvuduko wa zeru hafi ya zeru, bigatuma idacanwa. Nyamara, ubwinshi bwabyo bugabanya ubukana bwa ionic ugereranije nibisanzwe bisanzwe.

Uburyo bukora buroroshye ariko bwiza. Mugihe cyo gusohora, lithium ion kuri anode irekura muri electrolyte hanyuma ikimukira kuri cathode. Electron, idashobora kunyura muri electrolyte, ikanyura mumuzunguruko wo hanze - iyi electronique ni amashanyarazi akoresha ibikoresho.

Electrolyte igomba kuba yujuje ibyangombwa byinshi birushanwe. Irakenera ububobere buke kugirango ion yihuta, dielectric ihoraho kugirango itandukane umunyu wa lithium, idirishya ryagutse ryamashanyarazi kugirango irinde kubora, hamwe na chimique ihagaze hamwe na electrode zombi. Kubona ibikoresho binganya iyi mitungo yose bikomeje kuba ingorabahizi.

Ikintu kimwe gikomeye kibaho hejuru ya electrode: gushiraho intera ikomeye ya electrolyte (SEI). Iyo bateri yishyuye bwa mbere, electrolyte yangirika igice hejuru ya anode, igakora urwego rurinda. Iyi SEI yemerera lithium ion kunyura mugihe uhagarika electron kandi ukirinda kwangirika kwa electrolyte. Ubwiza no gutuza kwiki cyiciro bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumara igihe cya bateri n'umutekano.

Organic Electrolyte

Guhitamo hagati ya electrolytike kama namazi birimo ubucuruzi bwibanze. Sisitemu yo mumazi itanga uburyo bwiza bwa ionic - molekile zamazi zigenda ion neza kuruta ibishishwa kama. Zifite kandi umutekano, zihendutse, kandi byoroshye kubyitwaramo kuko amazi ntabwo yaka cyangwa uburozi.

Ariko iriya 1.23 - volt ituze idirishya yica sisitemu y'amazi kubisabwa byinshi. Batteri ya Litiyumu-ion ikora hagati ya 3.7 na 4.2 volt, birenze ibyo amazi ashobora kwihanganira. Abashakashatsi bamwe basunikishije sisitemu y'amazi kuri volt 2.0-2.5 bakoresheje ibisubizo byumunyu mwinshi, ariko ibi bitanga inyungu yikiguzi kandi bizana ibibazo bishya.

Ibinyabuzima bya electrolytike byiganje ku isoko atari ukubera ko bitunganye, ariko kubera ko aribwo buryo bwiza bwo kuboneka kuri - voltage zikoreshwa. Inyungu zingufu zingirakamaro cyane - ni itandukaniro riri hagati yikinyabiziga gifite amashanyarazi gifite ibirometero 100 na kilometero 300.

Ingaruka nyamukuru ya electrolytike kama ni flammability. Amashanyarazi ya karubone yaka byoroshye, kandi litiro - umuriro wa batiri utanga ubushyuhe bwinshi. Guhunga ubushyuhe - aho ubushyuhe bwimbere bwihutisha imiti itanga ubushyuhe bwinshi - bishobora gutera umuriro cyangwa guturika.

Ingamba nyinshi zikemura iki kibazo:

Umuriro - Inyongeramusaruro:Ongeramo ibimera nka trimethyl fosifate cyangwa florine yumuti bigabanya gucana. Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara muri 2020 bwerekanye EC - ishingiye kuri electrolytite idakongoka ukoresheje methyl (2,2,2 - trifluoroethyl) karubone. Ingirabuzimafatizo zikoresha iyi formulaire zakoresheje inzinguzingo 100 kuri 4.5V zishyurwa-zisanzwe zishobora gutuma electrolytite zisanzwe zangirika.

Igikomeye - Electrolytes ya Leta:Gusimbuza electrolytite yamazi nibikoresho bikomeye (polymers cyangwa ceramics) bikuraho umuriro wose. Nyamara, electrolytite ikomeye ihura ningorane: ubushyuhe buke bwa ionic mubushyuhe bwicyumba, guhura nabi na electrode, hamwe n'ubukonje. Ikoranabuhanga ryerekana amasezerano ariko ntirihuza imikorere ya sisitemu y'amazi.

Hejuru - Kwibanda kuri Electrolytes:Gukoresha imyunyu ngugu ya 3-5 aho kuba 1 isanzwe isanzwe ihindura imiterere ya electrolyte. Muri sisitemu yibanda cyane, molekile nkeya zidashobora gukomera, kugabanya umuriro no kuzamura umutekano. LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide) muburyo nk'ubwo yerekanye umutekano mwiza mugihe ikomeza imikorere myiza.

Isoko rya electrolyte ririmo kwaguka byihuse. Isoko rya batiri ya lithium electrolyte ryageze kuri miliyari 5.8 z'amadolari mu 2025 bikaba biteganijwe ko mu 2035 rizagera kuri miliyari 18.3 z'amadolari, bikagaragaza umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere buri mwaka wa 12.2%. Iri terambere rituruka cyane cyane kubinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi hamwe na gride - igipimo cyo kubika ingufu.

Aziya ya pasifika yiganje mu bicuruzwa no kuyikoresha, bingana na 35% by'isoko ry'isi. By'umwihariko, Ubushinwa bwubatsemo ingufu nini zo gukora amashanyarazi kugira ngo zunganire inganda za batiri zo mu gihugu. Ibigo nka tekinoroji ya Guangzhou Tinci hamwe na Shenzhen Capchem Technology iyoboye itangwa ryisi yose.

Igice cyimodoka itwara ibyifuzo - ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi ubu bitwara bateri nyinshi kuruta ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byabaguzi, bigahinduka kuva mumyaka itanu ishize. Buri paki ya batiri ya EV irimo litiro nyinshi za electrolyte, kandi kugurisha kwisi kwisi kwarenze miriyoni 14 mumwaka wa 2023.Iyi modoka yibanda kumashanyarazi itera ubushakashatsi kuri electrolytite ikoreshwa mubuzima bwigihe kirekire no gukora ubushyuhe bwagutse aho kuba ingufu nyinshi.

Icyerekezo cyubushakashatsi giheruka cyerekana aho umurima ugana. Agace kamwe gatanga ikizere ni hejuru - kwibanda kuri electrolytite (LHCEs). Izi sisitemu zikoresha florine nkeya ihenze kugirango habeho ibidukikije byibanze cyane hafi yumunyu wa lithium, hanyuma ubivange hamwe na cosolvent ihendutse, inert. Igisubizo gihuza inyungu zo hejuru - sisitemu yo kwibanda hamwe nigiciro cyiza kandi cyiza.

Indi nzira ikubiyemo kudoda urwego rwa SEI ukoresheje inyongera ya electrolyte. Umubare muto (1-5%) wibintu byihariye birashobora guhindura kuburyo bugaragara imiterere ya electrode. Vinylene karubone, kurugero, byangirika kugirango ikore firime ihamye ya SEI. Abashakashatsi bayobora laboratwari ya batiri ubu basanzwe berekana amagana yinyongera yifashishije chimie yo kubara mbere yo guhuza abakandida bafite ikizere.

Byose - bikomeye - bateri za leta zerekana kuva cyane muburyo bwa tekinoroji. Toyota, Samsung, na QuantumScape biri mubigo bishora imari muri electrolytite ikomeye. Niba bigenze neza, sisitemu zishobora gutanga ingufu zingana na 50% kurenza bateri ya litiro - ion mugihe ikuraho ingaruka zumuriro. Nyamara, imbogamizi za tekinike zijyanye no guhagarara neza hamwe ninganda murwego ntizikemuka.

Intsinzi ya Litiyumu ifite abashakashatsi bakoresha uburyo busa na bateri ya sodium - ion. Sodium ni nyinshi cyane kandi ihendutse kuruta lithium, bigatuma sodium - ion zikurura ububiko buhagaze aho uburemere buke. Amakuru meza: electrolytike nyinshi yatunganijwe kuri sisitemu ya lithium ikorana bihagije na sodium.

Ibibazo biratandukanye. Sodium ion nini kuruta lithium ion, bigira ingaruka kumitungo no gukora SEI. Electrolytes ikeneye guhinduka kugirango ihuze itandukaniro. Ester - ishingiye kumashanyarazi (nka Ethyl acetate cyangwa methyl propionate) rimwe na rimwe ikora neza hamwe na sodium kuruta karubone - ishingiye.

Sodium yubucuruzi - bateri ziva mubigo nka CATL ubu zikoresha electrolytique organic isa na lithium - sisitemu ya ion, mubisanzwe sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) ivanze na karubone. Ikoranabuhanga ntirihuye na lithium - ion, ariko kubisabwa nko kubika izuba, "bihagije" ku giciro gito bishobora kuba "byiza."

Ibinyabuzima bya electrolytike birwanira ubushyuhe bukabije. Munsi ya - 20 dogere, ubukonje bwiyongera kandi transport ya lithium-ion itinda cyane. Hejuru ya dogere 60, reaction yangirika yihuta kandi igihe cya bateri kiramba.

Ether - ishingiye kuri electrolytite muri rusange ikoresha ubukonje kurusha karubone -, nubwo zitanga imbaraga za voltage. Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu 2024 bwerekanye sodium - bateri yicyuma ikora kuri dogere - 40 ukoresheje eter electrolytite yakozwe neza. Urufunguzo rwarimo kuringaniza imiterere yo gukiza - uburyo molekile ikemura itunganya hafi ya ion-kugirango igumane ion nubwo haba hakonje.

Kurwego rwo hejuru - Porogaramu yubushyuhe, ethers ya fluor na fosifate itanga ituze ryiza kuruta karubone isanzwe. Porogaramu za gisirikari nindege rimwe na rimwe zerekana igiciro cyinshi cya electrolytite yihariye.

Electrolytes kama igaragara muri chimisties ya batiri irenze lithium - ion. Litiyumu - bateri ya sulferi, itanga ibitekerezo bitanga ingufu nyinshi cyane, bisaba electrolytite irinda polysulfide. Abashakashatsi bakoze ether yihariye - ishingiye kuri electrolytite hamwe ninyongera nka lithium nitrate kugirango iki kibazo gikemuke.

Batteri zitembera zikoresha ibinyabuzima byashongeshejwe nkibikoresho bikora aho kuba electrode ikomeye. Izi sisitemu zizenguruka electrolyte ikoresheje bateri, ituma ubushobozi bwingufu zipima ubwigenge bivuye mumashanyarazi. Quinone, viologens, hamwe nibikomoka kuri TEMPO byashongeshejwe mumazi ya elegitoronike yo mumazi cyangwa kama byerekana amasezerano yo kubika gride -.

Zinc - bateri zo mu kirere rimwe na rimwe zikoresha electrolytike kama kugirango birinde zinc dendrite. Batteri ya magnesium - iracyari mubyiciro byubushakashatsi - ikenera electrolytite yihariye kuko magnesium idakora igipimo cyiza nka lithium.

Organic Electrolyte

Amazi abora binyuze muri electrolysis kuri voltage iri hejuru ya 1.23V, itanga hydrogene na gaze ya ogisijeni. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion ikora kuri 3.7-4.2V, irenze amazi meza. Amashanyarazi kama aguma ahamye kuriyi voltage ndende, ituma ingufu nyinshi zibika kuburemere bwibice.

Amashanyarazi menshi akoreshwa muri bateri - karubone, ethers, esters - arimo karubone - imigozi ya hydrogène ihuza okiside byoroshye imbere ya ogisijeni nubushyuhe. Iyo bateri yinjiye mumashanyarazi, ubushyuhe bwimbere burashobora kurenga dogere 150, icyo gihe ayo mashanyarazi arashya. Kuba umunyu wa lithium nibikoresho bya electrode byihuta byihuta gutwikwa.

Iyangirika rya electrolyte rigabanya igihe cya bateri kugeza igihe kingana na 1000 - 2000 cyikurikiranya ryikoreshwa mubisabwa n'abaguzi, cyangwa imyaka 8-10 mumodoka. Kwangirika kwangirika bibaho ubudahwema kuri electrode, kumara electrolyte no gukora ibice byiziritse. Ubushyuhe, igipimo cyo kwishyuza, hamwe na voltage iringaniye byose bigira ingaruka kumyuka yihuta-yoroheje ikoreshwa ryagura ubuzima.

Ibikorwa byo gutunganya ibintu byibanze cyane cyane kugarura ibyuma byagaciro nka lithium, cobalt, na nikel muri electrode. Ubusanzwe electrolyte irashya cyangwa igasenywa mugihe cya hydrometallurgical recycling. Bumwe muburyo bushya bugerageza kugarura no kweza ibice bya electrolyte, ariko ibi ntibirahiganwa mubukungu no kubyara electrolyte nshya ivuye mububiko bwa peteroli.

Ibinyabuzima bya electrolyte byerekana bumwe muri ubwo buryo bukora neza kuburyo ubundi buryo bwo guhangana nubundi buryo, nubwo bugira aho bugarukira. Sisitemu ikomeye - sisitemu ya leta isezeranya umutekano mwiza, kandi sisitemu yo mumazi itanga igiciro gito, ariko amashanyarazi ya electrolytike yumutungo utanga uburinganire bwiza bwimikorere, ubwinshi bwingufu, nibikorwa. Kubihe biri imbere, buri lithium - ion bateri ikoresha terefone zacu, mudasobwa zigendanwa, hamwe nibinyabiziga bizaba birimo mililitiro nyinshi ziyi karubone - zishingiye ku bayobora ionic bakora umurimo wabo utuje, wingenzi.