Bateri Yibanze ya Litiyumu Niki?

primary lithium batteries

Batteri yibanze ya lithium ntabwo ari - selile yingufu zikoresha amashanyarazi ya lithium nka anode kandi ntishobora kwishyurwa nyuma yo kuyikoresha. Izi - zikoresha bateri zitandukanye na bateri ya lithium yumuriro - ion mumiterere yimiti yabyo kandi yagenewe gukoreshwa aho ubuzima bumara igihe kirekire nibikorwa byizewe birenze kwishyurwa.

Ijambo "batiri ya lithium" irashobora gutera urujijo kuko ikubiyemo tekinoroji ebyiri zitandukanye. Batteri yibanze ya lithium - nanone yitwa lithium - bateri yicyuma - irimo lithium yumutuku kuri anode kandi ikoresha ibikoresho bya cathode bitandukanye nka dioxyde ya manganese, thionyl chloride, cyangwa disulfide. Mugihe muganirabateri ya lithiummuri rusange, mubisanzwe urimo kuvuga ubwoko bwibanze (butari - kwishyurwa) cyangwa ubwa kabiri (lithium yishyurwa - ion).

Itandukaniro rikomeye riri mubikorwa byamashanyarazi. Batteri yibanze ya lithium ihura nigisubizo kidasubirwaho cyimiti ihindura ingufu za chimique ningufu zamashanyarazi inshuro imwe gusa. Iyo bimaze kugabanuka, reaction ntishobora kongera kubaho. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion, bitandukanye nibyo, ituma ion igenda ihindagurika hagati ya electrode ikoresheje intercalation, ituma amagana ibihumbi kugeza kubihumbi.

Dufatiye ku buryo bufatika, ibi bivuze ko bateri yambere ya lithium iruta cyane ibikoresho bike - ibikoresho byamazi bisaba imyaka yo kubungabunga - ibikorwa byubusa - tekereza ibyuma bisohora umwotsi, imashini ya CMOS, hamwe nubuvuzi. Litiyumu - bateri ibikoresho byamashanyarazi bikenera kwishyurwa kenshi nka terefone zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Ibikoresho bitandukanye bya cathode birema imiryango ya batiri ya lithium yibanze, buri kimwe cyashyizwe mubikorwa byihariye nibisabwa.

Iyi chimie yerekana ubwoko bwa batiri ya lithium yibanze cyane, ikunze kuboneka muri selile yibiceri nka CR2032. Li - Batteri ya MnO₂ itanga voltage nominal ya 3.0-3.3V hamwe nubucucike bwingufu hafi 280Wh / kg. Bafite igiciro cyubukungu kandi gifite umutekano kugirango gikoreshwe rusange, bituma biba byiza kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki, amasaha, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, hamwe na sensor yishyurwa. Ubushyuhe bukora buringaniye-dogere 30 kugeza kuri dogere 60, hamwe nababikora bavuga ko ubuzima bubi burengeje imyaka 10 kubushyuhe bwibidukikije.

Kwiyongera gushya kumuryango wibanze wa lithium, Li - FeS₂ bateri ihuye na 1.5V isohoka ya bateri ya alkaline, bigatuma isimburwa bitaziguye na selile ya alkaline AA na AAA. Izi batteri ziruta alkaline bagenzi babo inshuro zigera kuri esheshatu murwego rwo hejuru - imiyoboro ikoreshwa nka kamera ya digitale. Ibyiza byingenzi birimo hejuru yubushyuhe buke - imikorere yubushyuhe, kurwanya imyuka, hamwe nubuzima bwimyaka 15 - bitewe nubushake buke -. Buri selire AA - ifite ubunini bwa Li-FeS₂ irimo garama 0,98 za litiro, bigira ingaruka kumabwiriza yo gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi.

Litiyumu - thionyl chloride ya batiri iri mu myanya ikomeye ya chimisties yambere ya lithium, hamwe nubucucike bwingufu zirenga 500Wh / kg - hafi inshuro ebyiri za litiro zishishwa - ion. Ikorera kuri voltage nominal 3.6V, batteri zihanganira ibihe bikabije kuva kuri dogere -76 F kugeza kuri dogere 185 F, bigatuma biba ngombwa mubikorwa byinganda nko gukurikirana peteroli na gaze, ibikoresho byo gucukura bitambitse, nibikoresho bya gisirikare.

Mu 2024, lithium - thionyl chloride yategetse 56.9% by’umugabane w’ibanze wa batiri ya lithium ku isi, ifite agaciro ka miliyari 1.2 z'amadolari muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru honyine. Nyamara, impungenge z'umutekano zigabanya kuboneka - ntabwo zigurishwa kubaguzi cyangwa gukoreshwa mubikoresho byabaguzi. Ubuhanga bwabo bwa chimie busaba gukoreshwa ninzobere zahuguwe kandi zikoresha gukoresha ibikoresho byinganda, ibyuma byubuvuzi, hamwe nibikorwa bya gisirikare.

Izi bateri zitanga ingufu za 2.8V nominal hamwe nubucucike bwingufu zigera kuri 330Wh / kg, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gukora bwa dogere - 54 kugeza kuri dogere 71. Ubuzima buteganijwe bwo kubaho bugera kumyaka 5-10 mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Nubwo bihendutse gukora kandi byahoze bisanzwe mubikorwa bya gisirikare, bateri za LiSO₂ zigenda zisimburwa na chimie ya lithium-manganese yateye imbere.

primary lithium batteries

Batteri yibanze ya lithium ikoresha imbaraga zingirakamaro aho kwishyurwa byaba bidashoboka, biteje akaga, cyangwa bitari ngombwa.

Gutera imiti byerekana kimwe mubisabwa cyane kuri bateri yambere ya lithium. Indwara z'umutima zisaba bateri zishobora gukora neza mumyaka 5 - 10 mugihe ushushanya microamperes 10 - 20 gusa. Umuvuduko muke wo kwisohora hamwe na voltage ishobora gutegurwa ya selile yibanze ya lithium ituma idasimburwa mubikoresho bikomeza ubuzima aho gusimbuza bateri bisaba kubagwa.

Dukurikije imibare y’isoko 2024, porogaramu zita ku buzima zafashe hafi 15% y’isoko rya mbere rya batiri ya lithium, itwarwa n’ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi byoroshye birimo ibikoresho byo kubaga, pompe zinjiza, n’ibikoresho byo gusuzuma. Igice gikomeje kwaguka uko tekinoroji yubuvuzi idafite umugozi itera imbere.

Igice cya metero cyari gifite 42.8% by'isoko rya batiri ya lithium yibanze ku isi mu 2024, kikaba icyiciro kinini cyo gusaba. Amashanyarazi meza, amazi, na gaze byashyizwe mumijyi no mucyaro bisaba bateri zifite igihe kirekire kidasanzwe - akenshi zirenga imyaka 10 - kandi imikorere ihamye mubushyuhe bukabije. Guverinoma - yayoboye gahunda zigezweho zo kuvugurura ibikorwa, cyane cyane muri Aziya no mu Burayi, byihuse kwakirwa mu 2024.

Batteri yibanze ya lithium ikuraho ibikenerwa byo gusimbuza bateri mugihe cya metero ikora, kugabanya amafaranga yo kubungabunga no guhagarika serivisi. Ubushobozi bwa 1000-2000 mAh bwiganjemo iyi porogaramu hamwe na 37.3% ku isoko muri 2024, byerekana uburinganire bwiza hagati yo kubika ingufu nubunini buke.

Ububiko bwa mudasobwa ya mudasobwa bushingiye ku biceri - selile yambere ya lithium ya selile kugirango igumane imiterere ya CMOS nisaha nyayo -. Igenzura rya kure, urufunguzo rwamashanyarazi, kamera ya digitale, hamwe nudukinisho twabana byerekana ibyongeweho byinshi - byabakoresha aho usanga uburyo bwo kudacunga amashanyarazi burenze kure ibidukikije bikoreshwa na bateri zikoreshwa.

Guhinduranya kuri lithium yibanze mubikoresho byabaguzi byihuse kuko izi batteri zirenze ubundi buryo bwa alkaline mugihe zikomeza ingufu za voltage nyinshi kandi zihamye mugihe cyo gusohora kwabo. Batiri ya Lithium AA irashobora gutanga ingufu inshuro esheshatu kurenza selile ya alkaline mubikoresho byo hejuru -.

Ibyuma byinganda, abakurikirana umutungo, sisitemu yumutekano, hamwe na sisitemu yo gutabaza itagira umumaro bungukirwa na bateri yambere ya lithium yimyaka icumi - igihe kirekire cyo kubaho hamwe na ultra - hasi yo hasi {{2} rates igipimo cyo gusohora - mubusanzwe kiri munsi ya 1% kumwaka mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Porogaramu za gisirikare zirimo ibirombe, fus, ibikoresho byo kureba nijoro, hamwe na sisitemu yo kugenzura kure biterwa na batteri kwizerwa mubihe bidukikije.

Igice cy’ingabo cyabonye ubwiyongere bugaragara mu 2024 - 2025, hamwe n’amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu gisirikare mu ntwaro za kijyambere ndetse n’indege zitagira abapilote zitwara abagenzi zikenera ingufu zoroheje, nyinshi - ingufu z’ingufu zitanga ingufu abasirikare bashobora gutwara nta gusimbuza kenshi.

Batteri yibanze ya lithium itanga inyungu zinyuranye zituma zikundwa nubundi buryo bwo kwishyurwa muburyo bwihariye bwo gukoresha.

Ubucucike bw'ingufu. Ibi birenze bateri zishobora kwishyurwa kandi bigushoboza ibikoresho bito, byoroshye. Ubucucike bw'ingufu zishobora kugera kuri 2.880 J / cm³, ugereranije na 1200 J / cm³ kuri bateri ya alkaline.

Ubuzima bwa Shelf nububiko: Hamwe na - igipimo cyo gusohora kiri munsi ya 1% buri mwaka mubushyuhe bwicyumba, bateri yambere ya lithium irashobora kubikwa mumyaka 10-15 bitewe na chimie mugihe igumana ubushobozi bwumwimerere. Ibi bituma biba byiza kubikoresho byihutirwa, kugarura ingufu za sisitemu, hamwe na progaramu hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa. Kubika ku bushyuhe bwo hasi byongera igihe cyo kubaho.

Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi: Bitandukanye na bateri ya alkaline ihura nigabanuka rya voltage gahoro gahoro, bateri yambere ya lithium igumana ingufu za voltage zihoraho mugihe kinini cyizunguruka. Ihindagurika rya voltage ryemeza imikorere yibikoresho kugeza igihe bateri yegereje kubura.

Ubushyuhe: Ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bukora buratandukanye na chimie ariko mubisanzwe bikabije kurenza ubundi buryo bwo kwishyurwa. Litiyumu - bateri ya thionyl chloride ikora kuva kuri - 76 dogere F kugeza kuri dogere 185 F, bigatuma ikwirakwizwa muri Arctique nubutayu. Ndetse n'abaguzi - urwego rwa lithium-manganese dioxyde de selile ikora neza kuva kuri dogere 30 kugeza kuri dogere 60.

Ibyiza: Batteri yibanze ya lithium ipima cyane ugereranije na - ubushobozi bwa alkaline cyangwa nikel - bateri ya kadmium. Uku kugabanya ibiro kwerekana ko ari ingenzi mu bikoresho bya gisirikare bigendanwa, ibikoresho byabigenewe, hamwe n’indege zikoreshwa mu kirere aho buri garama ifite akamaro.

Isoko ryibanze rya batiri ya lithium kwisi yose yerekanye kwaguka gukomeye muri 2024-2025, biterwa no kohereza ibikorwa remezo byubwenge, guhanga ibikoresho byubuvuzi, no gukwirakwiza IoT.

Ibiciro by'isoko byageze kuri miliyari 27.35 z'amadolari mu 2024, biteganijwe ko iterambere ryiyongera kugera kuri miliyari 54.35 muri 2035 ku kigero cyo kwiyongera ku mwaka kingana na 6.44%. Amerika ya Ruguru yayoboye imikoreshereze y’isi yose hamwe n’umugabane wa 45.8%, ifite agaciro ka miliyari 1,2 z'amadolari, bitewe na elegitoroniki y’abaguzi, ibikoresho by’ubuvuzi, hamwe n’ibikorwa byo gukurikirana inganda.

Ubushobozi bwa 1000 - 2000 mAh bwiganje ku isoko hamwe na 37.3% mugabane muri 2024, kuringaniza ibikenerwa byo kubika ingufu hamwe nimpamvu zifatika mugihe kirekire -, kubungabunga - gusaba kubuntu. Umuvuduko wa 0-3.6V wafashe umugabane wa 54.7%, bikora nkibipimo byibikoresho bikoresha ingufu mu nganda nyinshi.

Aziya - Pasifika yagaragaye nk'akarere kihuta cyane -, aho Ubushinwa n'Ubuhinde byateye imbere binyuze mu gushyiramo metero zikoresha ubwenge, gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, no gushora imari mu bikorwa remezo. Biteganijwe ko isoko ry’akarere rizarenga miliyari 15 z'amadolari mu 2028 mu gihe imijyi no kwinjiza IoT byihuta.

Iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryibanda ku kongera ingufu zingufu, kwagura ubushyuhe bwimikorere, no guteza imbere ibintu byoroshye kubikoresho byambara hamwe na elegitoroniki yoroheje. Ubushakashatsi bukomeye - bateri ya leta ya lithium nibindi bikoresho bya cathode isezeranya kurushaho kunoza imikorere mumyaka iri imbere.

primary lithium batteries

Mugihe bateri yambere ya lithium itanga imikorere yumutekano mubikorwa byabaguzi, chimie yabo isaba protocole yihariye.

Amabwiriza yo gutwara abantu ashyira bateri ya lithium yibanze nkibicuruzwa biteye akaga (UN 3090) kuva 2007. Mu 2004, Minisiteri ishinzwe gutwara abantu n’ubuyobozi bukuru bw’indege muri Amerika yabujije kohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi mu ndege zitwara abagenzi, nubwo abagenzi bashobora gutwara bike. Buri mugenzi ashobora gutwara bateri ya lithium yibanze irimo garama 2 za lithium - ihwanye na selile ebyiri AA - zingana na Li - FeS₂ selile - usibye kwemerera bateri zigera kuri 12 zicyitegererezo mubihe byihariye.

Batteri yibanze ya lithium ntishobora kwishyurwa. Kugerageza kwishyuza bateri bitera ibihe bibi birimo guhunga ubushyuhe, kwiyongera k'umuvuduko, hamwe n’impanuka zishobora guterwa n'umuriro. Imiti idasubirwaho yimiti nibirimo bya lithium ituma kugerageza kwishyuza bishobora guteza akaga gakomeye, niyo mpamvu abayikora bavuga neza ko bateri zidashobora kwishyurwa -.

Batteri ya selile ya selile, nubwo ari nto, itera ibyago byo gufatwa cyane cyane kubana. Mu myaka 20 ishize, abashakashatsi berekanye ko kwiyongera kwa 6.7 kwikubye inshuro zoroheje cyangwa zikomeye zatewe no gufata bateri ya buto ndetse no kwiyongera kwa 12,5. Uburyo bwambere bwo gukomeretsa burimo kubyara hydroxide ion, bigatera umuriro mwinshi nubwo mugihe bateri ikomeza kuba ntamakemwa.

Litiyumu yinganda - bateri ya thionyl chloride ikenera protocole yumutekano kubera chimie ikomeye. Gusa abakozi bahuguwe bagomba gukoresha bateri, kandi ntibigomba gukoreshwa mubikoresho byabaguzi. Guhumeka neza mugihe cyo gukoresha birinda umuvuduko mwinshi wa gaze ya hydrogène mugihe cyo gusohora.

Batteri yibanze ya lithium imwe - gukoresha ibidukikije bitera impungenge ibidukikije, nubwo amabwiriza yo kujugunya hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu bitandukanye ku isi.

Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, bateri za lithium fer disulfide zirashobora gutabwa mu myanda ya komine ku bwinshi bw’abaguzi, kubera ko idafite ibintu byangiza byateganijwe na federasiyo. Nyamara, bateri nyinshi za lithium zibanze zishyirwa mu myanda ishobora guteza akaga bitewe n’ingaruka z’umuriro ndetse n’ingaruka ku bidukikije. Californiya igenga byumwihariko selile zirimo perchlorate nkimyanda ishobora guteza akaga.

Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije kirasaba buri gihe kongera gukoresha bateri ya lithium igihe bishoboka kubera itangwa rya lithium nkeya no kongera ibisabwa. Ikoreshwa rya lithium ku isi ryageze kuri toni 220.000 mu 2024, bivuze ko ryiyongereyeho 29% kuva kuri toni 170.000. Iki cyifuzo cyiyongera, gitwarwa cyane cyane na bateri ikoreshwa ubu ikaba ifite 87% yo gukoresha lithium, ishimangira akamaro ko kubungabunga umutungo.

Ibikorwa remezo byo gutunganya bateri byagutse mu 2024, hamwe n’amasosiyete y’imodoka n’ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bifatanya kugarura ibikoresho byagaciro. Minisiteri y’ingufu muri Amerika yatangaje ko miliyoni 44.8 z’amadorali azaterwa inkunga mu mishinga umunani igamije kugabanya ibiciro by’ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi mu Kwakira 2024, nubwo iyi gahunda yibanda cyane cyane kuri bateri zishobora kwishyurwa.

Kurandura bateri yibanze bisaba gukusanya no gutunganya neza kugirango birinde uburozi bwangiza - harimo hydroxide ya potasiyumu, ibyuma biremereye, nibindi bikoresho - kwinjira mu myanda hamwe na sisitemu y’amazi yo mu butaka. Amakomine menshi atanga porogaramu yihariye yo gukusanya bateri kugirango igabanye ingaruka z’ibidukikije.

Oya. Bateri yambere ya lithium ikoresha imiti idasubirwaho kandi ntishobora kwishyurwa neza. Kugerageza kubishyuza bitera umuriro nugukomera guturika bitewe nicyuma cya lithium reaction hamwe nubwiyongere bwumuvuduko. Gusa bateri zanditseho "kwishyurwa," "Li - ion," cyangwa "lithium - ion" igomba guhora yishyurwa.

Ubuzima bwa Shelf mubusanzwe buri hagati yimyaka 10 - 15 bitewe na chimie nububiko, hamwe na - igipimo cyo gusohora kiri munsi ya 1% buri mwaka. Ubuzima bukora buratandukana mugukoresha bat - bateri ya pacemaker mumyaka 5-10, mugihe ibikoresho byamazi menshi nka kamera ya digitale birashobora kunaniza bateri mugihe cyibyumweru byakoreshejwe.

Batteri yambere ya lithium iruta bateri ya alkaline mubucucike bwingufu (kugeza inshuro esheshatu murwego rwo hejuru - ibikoresho byamazi), urwego rwubushyuhe, ubuzima bwubuzima, hamwe na voltage ihagaze. Ariko, byatwaye amafaranga menshi muburyo bwambere. Kubikoresho bike - ibikoresho byamazi hamwe no gukoresha kenshi, iyi premium akenshi ishimangira ubuzima bwagutse bwa serivisi kandi bwizewe.

CR2032 ni lithium yibanze - bateri ya dioxyde de manganese (itari - yishyurwa) ifite 3V isohoka hamwe nubushobozi bwa 220mAh. LIR2032 ni litiro yumuriro - ion ya batiri ifite 3.6V isohoka kandi mubisanzwe ubushobozi buke buri hafi 40-50mAh. Ntibishobora guhinduka kubera itandukaniro rya voltage rishobora kwangiza ibikoresho byabugenewe gukora 3V.

Batteri yibanze ya lithium ikomeje gukora imirimo yingenzi aho ihuza ryihariye ryigihe kirekire cyo kubaho, kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwagutse, no kubungabunga - imikorere yubusa iruta inyungu zo kwishyurwa. Iterambere ry’isoko ku isi ryiyongereyeho 6.44% buri mwaka kugeza mu 2035 ryerekana kwagura ibikorwa mu bikorwa remezo byubwenge, ikoranabuhanga mu buvuzi, no gukurikirana inganda. Gusobanukirwa iyo batteri zerekana igisubizo cyiza cyamashanyarazi - na lithium zabo zishishwa - ion babyara - itanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo ibikoresho nibikoresho bya sisitemu byizewe mubisabwa bitabarika.