Gutanga USB ni iki?

USB Power Delivery (USB PD) ni protocole yumuriro iganira ihererekanyabubasha hagati yibikoresho hejuru ya USB, itanga kuva kuri watt 5 kugeza kuri watt 240. Bitandukanye n’ibyambu bisanzwe bya USB bigarukira kuri volt 5, USB PD ihindura voltage mu buryo bworoshye hagati ya 5V na 48V, igafasha ibintu byose kuva kuri terefone zigendanwa kugeza kuri mudasobwa zigendanwa za - kugirango zishyure binyuze mu bwoko bumwe.

Amarozi inyuma ya USB PD abaho mubice bibiri bitandukanye abakoresha benshi batabona.

Iyo ucometse igikoresho mumashanyarazi ya USB PD, Umuyoboro wa Iboneza (CC) uhuza USB - C umuhuza uhita utangira ikiganiro. Muri milisegonda, charger iratangaza amashanyarazi numuyoboro ushobora gutanga, mugihe igikoresho cyawe gisubiza ibyo gikeneye. Uku gufatana mu ntoki gukoresha imbaraga zo gutanga ibikoresho (PDOs) protocole - mubyukuri urutonde rwamahitamo yingufu kuva kuri 5V shingiro kugeza ubushobozi bwa charger.

Iyo bamaze kumvikana kumasezerano yingufu, amashanyarazi nyirizina anyura mumapine ya VBUS. Igikoresho cyawe gikurikirana uburyo bwo kwishyuza buri gihe, kandi dore aho ibintu bigenda byubwenge: niba bateri ya terefone yawe ishyushye cyangwa igeze kumurongo runaka mugihe cyo kwishyuza bateri ya lithium ion, irashobora kongera kuganira hagati -, isaba imbaraga nke zo kurinda selile. Amashanyarazi asubiza muri microseconds, ahindura ibisohoka. Inyuma - na - imbere irakomeza mugihe cyose cyo kwishyuza.

Intambwe ya voltage ikora muburyo bwiyongera kuri PD isanzwe: 5V kubikoresho byibanze, 9V kuri terefone nyinshi, 15V kuri tableti zimwe, na 20V kuri mudasobwa zigendanwa. Ariko protocole nshya nka PPS na AVS - tuzabisuzuma nyuma - guta iyi miterere itajenjetse kubintu byoroshye.

USB Power Delivery

USB PD ntabwo yagaragaye ijoro ryose. Ibisobanuro byambere muri 2012 byafashe ingufu kuri watt 60, bisa nkimpinduramatwara icyo gihe. Kugeza 2014, USB PD 2.0 yikubye kabiri kugeza kuri watt 100, amaherezo bituma iba nziza kuri mudasobwa igendanwa. Iyi verisiyo yerekanye imyirondoro ihamye ya voltage (5V, 9V, 15V, 20V) ibikoresho byinshi bigikoresha nubu.

Isohora rya 2017 rya USB PD 3.0 ryazanye Programmable Power Supply, ryemerera ibikoresho gusaba voltage iyo ari yo yose iri hagati ya 3.3V na 21V mugihe gito cya 20mV. Noneho muri 2021, USB PD 3.1 yongeyeho imbaraga zagutse, zisunika igisenge kuri watt 240 binyuze mumahitamo mashya ya 28V, 36V, na 48V. Isosiyete ya Apple ya MacBook Pro ya santimetero 16 yabaye kimwe mu bikoresho bya mbere byakoresheje ibi bisabwa kugira ngo yishyure 140W.

Vuba aha, USB PD 3.2 yageze mu Kwakira 2024 ifite manda: igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose gisaba watts zirenga 27 kigomba noneho gushyigikira Amashanyarazi Yagabanijwe (AVS) kuri Power Power Range. Urutonde rwa iPhone 17 rwabaye terefone ya mbere ikomeye yashyize mu bikorwa ibi, ituma amashanyarazi yabo ya 40W akora. Ukurikije amakuru yo muri USB - NIBA inyandiko zerekana ibyemezo, ibikoresho birenga 15.000 byakiriye PD 3.2 ibyemezo hagati yUkwakira 2024 na 2025.

Kwishyuza batiri ya Litiyumu ion bisaba imbaraga za voltage nubugenzuzi bugezweho kugirango twongere umuvuduko no kuramba. Akagari ka lithium isanzwe ikora hagati ya 3.0V mugihe cyashize na 4.2V mugihe cyuzuye, ariko ibikoresho byinshi bikoresha selile nyinshi murukurikirane - mudasobwa igendanwa yawe ishobora kuba ifite iboneza rya 3S4P (selile eshatu zikurikirana, enye zibangikanye) bisaba 12.6V kwishyurwa byuzuye.

Aha niho USB PD ihinduka ihinduka. Hatabayeho guhinduranya imbaraga za voltage, charger ikenera guhindura 20V kumanuka kuri voltage iyo ari yo yose sisitemu yo gucunga bateri isaba, guta ingufu nkubushyuhe. Hamwe na PPS cyangwa AVS, charger irashobora gutanga ikintu cyegereye cyane voltage yagenewe - vuga, 11V aho kuba 20V kuri iyo bateri ya mudasobwa igendanwa - igabanya igihombo cyo guhinduka kuva kuri 15% kugeza kuri 3-5%.

Guhoraho - bigezweho / bihoraho - voltage (CC / CV) yishyuza algorithm ko selile ya lithium isaba amakarita neza mubushobozi bwa PPS. Mugihe cyambere cyihuta - icyiciro cyo kwishyuza, PPS ikomeza umuyaga uhoraho mugihe voltage izamutse. Akagari kamaze kwegera 4.2V, protocole ihinduka kuri voltage ihoraho mugihe ibyuma bizimya. Amaterefone amwe amwe ubu arengana ibyuma byimbere byimbere, byemerera charger ya PD kugaburira bateri mu buryo butaziguye - Ikoranabuhanga rya Samsung ryihuta ryihuta rya Samsung rigera ku bikorwa birenga 99% ukoresheje ubu buryo.

Gucunga ubushyuhe mugihe bateri ya lithium ion nayo yunguka mubushobozi bwa USB PD bwo kuganira. Niba sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ibonye selile zigera kuri dogere 45, irashobora guhita isaba imbaraga nkeya, ikarinda ibintu byogukoresha ubushyuhe bwangiza ibintu byihuse - sisitemu yo kwishyuza.

Byombi Porogaramu Yogutanga Amashanyarazi hamwe noguhindura amashanyarazi agamije kuzamura imikorere yumuriro, ariko ikora muburyo butandukanye kandi ikora intego zitandukanye.

PPS ikora mugihe nyacyo -. Ihindura voltage muntambwe 20mV hamwe nubu muri 50mA yiyongera, ikurikirana voltage ya bateri yawe uko izamuka ivuye mubusa kugeza yuzuye. Amashanyarazi ya PPS akomeza itumanaho rihoraho hamwe nigikoresho cyawe, avugurura amashanyarazi ashobora kuba inshuro magana mugihe kimwe cyo kwishyuza. Ibi bituma biba byiza kuri bateri ya terefone, ikungukira kuri voltage ihuye neza mugihe cyo kwishyuza. PPS isohoka kuri 100W kandi ikora hagati ya 5V na 21V.

AVS ifata ubundi buryo. Ihindura voltage muntambwe 100mV nini kandi yibanda kumwanya umwe - cyangwa imishyikirano rimwe na rimwe aho gukomeza gukurikirana. Tekereza nko gushyiraho voltage nziza ihamye aho guhora uhindagurika. AVS ishyigikira imbaraga zisumba izindi - kugeza kuri 240W - kandi irashobora gukora hagati ya 9V na 48V. Ubucuruzi - burahagarara? Kugenzura bike.

Ku ntego zifatika, PPS ikomeza kuba nziza mugushakisha terefone bitewe nubusobanuro bwayo kandi nyabwo - guhuza nigihe. AVS irabagirana kuri mudasobwa zigendanwa na monitor ikenera imbaraga nyinshi ariko ntibisaba kabiri - na - ihinduka rya kabiri. Kugeza mu 2025, hafi 65% ya terefone yamamaye ya Android ishyigikira PPS, mu gihe iyakirwa rya AVS mu bikoresho by’abaguzi rikomeza kuba munsi ya 5% ukurikije imibare y’ibizamini bya ChargerLAB.

Urujijo ruragwira kuko PPS irahitamo mugihe AVS yabaye itegeko muri PD 3.2 kubikoresho bisaba hejuru ya 27W. Amashanyarazi yawe arashobora gushyigikira byombi, kimwe, cyangwa ntanumwe - kandi akenshi nta kirango gisobanutse cyakubwira.

USB PD ikoresha Power Delivery Object kugirango itumanaho ubushobozi, ariko imbaraga nyazo zitangwa biterwa nimishyikirano hagati yimpande zombi.

Amashanyarazi ya 100W arashobora kwamamaza PDO esheshatu zihamye:

5V @ 3A (15W)

9V @ 3A (27W)

15V @ 3A (45W)

20V @ 3A (60W)

20V @ 5A (100W)

Byongeye birashoboka PPS APDO itanga 5V-21V @ 5A.

Igikoresho cyawe kireba kuriyi menu hanyuma ugahitamo ibyo ukeneye. Igishushanyo cya terefone 27W cyasaba 9V @ 3A. Mudasobwa igendanwa ya 60W yasaba 20V @ 3A. Niba ibyo bikoresho byombi byishyuza icyarimwe binyuze mumashanyarazi menshi -, icyambu kigabanywa - akenshi bigenda neza, hamwe nibikoresho bihujwe byongeye kuganira nkuko ucomeka cyangwa ucomeka izindi.

Aha niho ibintu bishobora gutesha umutwe abakoresha. Ucomeka mudasobwa igendanwa ya 100W muri charger ya 100W ukibaza impamvu yishyura buhoro. Igisubizo gishobora kuba nuko mudasobwa igendanwa yawe isaba voltage yihariye itari mururwo rutonde rwa PDO ya charger, cyangwa umugozi ntushyigikira 5A, bikugabanya 60W ntarengwa. Mudasobwa igendanwa igaruka kumurongo uwo ariwo wose ukora, akenshi 45W cyangwa 60W.

E - insinga zashyizweho zikemura iki kibazo. Intsinga zirimo chip (e - marikeri) igaragaza ubushobozi bwabo mugihe cyo guhana intoki. Amashanyarazi ntashobora gutanga ibirenga 60W atabanje kwemeza ko umugozi ushobora gukora 5A. Ibi biranga umutekano birinda ubushyuhe bukabije, ariko bivuze ko $ 5 rusange USB - C umugozi wawe ushobora kuba icyuho, ntabwo ari charger yawe.

USB Power Delivery

Imwe mumikorere yubwenge ya USB PD ireka ibikoresho bigahindura ninde utanga ingufu utabanje guhagarika.

Shushanya aho docking ikoresha mudasobwa igendanwa mugihe ukora. Iyo dock ni "isoko" naho mudasobwa igendanwa ni "sink." Niba umuntu agendeye hejuru yumurongo wamashanyarazi, USB gakondo yahita igabanya ingufu - zishobora kwangiza amakuru kuri drives. Uruhare rwihuse (FRS) rugaragaza gutakaza ingufu kandi, muri microseconds 150, ihindura inshingano. Mudasobwa igendanwa yawe iba isoko, ubu ikoresha dock hamwe na peripheri yayo kuva muri bateri yayo.

Ubu bushobozi bubiri burenze ibintu byihutirwa. Urashobora kwishyuza terefone yawe muri bateri ya mudasobwa igendanwa, nubwo mudasobwa igendanwa ubwayo yishyuza adaptate y'urukuta. Amabanki yingufu arashobora kwakira no gutanga ingufu binyuze kuri port imwe USB - C. Bateri zimwe za e - ubu zikoresha USB PD kugirango zishyure mugihe icyarimwe zikoresha terefone yawe n'amatara.

Guhana ukuboko kwa FRS bibaho binyuze mumashini ya CC. Iyo isoko yatakaje imbaraga, ikurura umurongo wa CC hasi kuri 60 - 120 microseconds-ikimenyetso nkana, ntabwo ari impanuka. Ikibanza, gihora gikurikirana, gifata iki kimenyetso kandi gihita gitanga kuba isoko nshya. Swap yose irangira mbere yuko VBUS voltage igabanuka munsi ya 5V, ikomeza imbaraga zidacogora kubikoresho byo hasi.

USB PD ikubiyemo ibice byinshi byo kurinda, ariko ecosystem ntabwo itunganye.

Buri gikorwa cya PD kirimo kurinda birenze urugero. Amashanyarazi akurikirana uko ibintu bigenda neza kandi bizahagarara niba birenze imipaka yumvikanyweho kurenza 10%. Kurinda birenze urugero bikora - niba VBUS yazamutse hejuru ya 10% hejuru yumuriro wumvikanyweho, ibikoresho byombi bigomba guhagarika.

Ubushyuhe bubaho kumpera zombi. Amashanyarazi arimo thermistors azagabanya ingufu cyangwa azimye rwose hejuru ya dogere 85. Ibikoresho kandi bikurikirana bateri no kwishyuza ubushyuhe bwumuzunguruko, bisaba imbaraga nke mugihe ibintu bishyushye cyane.

Ikibazo? Ibicuruzwa byose USB - C ntabwo bikurikiza ibisobanuro. Igeragezwa ryigenga ryakozwe nimiryango nkikipe ya Benson Leung ryabonye insinga zibeshya kubushobozi bwazo, kubura gukurura - hejuru ya rezistor zigomba kwerekana imipaka iriho, hamwe na charger zitanga ingufu zidahungabana mugihe cyibiganiro. Ibicuruzwa - bya - ibicuruzwa byihariye bishobora kwangiza ibikoresho cyangwa, byibuze, bikavamo kwishyurwa buhoro cyangwa kunanirwa.

Umugozi wubuziranenge ufite akamaro kuruta uko abantu benshi babibona. Ubushakashatsi bwasohowe mu 2024 na Granite River Labs bwagerageje insinga 200 zidasanzwe USB - C ziva ku masoko yo kuri interineti maze zisanga 38% byananiranye n’ibanze by’amashanyarazi. Mu bashyigikiye 100W, 12% ntibashobora kugumana voltage ihamye munsi yumutwaro wuzuye, bigatuma ibitonyanga bya voltage byatumaga umutekano uhagarara mubikoresho bifatanye.

Inomero ya wattage kuri charger irakubwira ubushobozi bwayo ntarengwa, ntabwo ibyo igikoresho cyawe kizakira. Amashanyarazi ya 65W yamamaza "PD 3.0" arashobora gutanga 45W gusa kuri mudasobwa igendanwa yihariye niba imyirondoro ya voltage idahuye nibyo sisitemu yo gucunga bateri yawe isaba.

Reba kuri ibi byihariye:

Urutonde rwa voltage: Amashanyarazi meza yerekana PDO zabo neza. Reba "5V / 3A, 9V / 3A, 15V / 3A, 20V / 3.25A" cyangwa bisa.

Inkunga ya PPS: Niba ufite terefone ya Android, "PPS 5 - 21V @ 5A" bisobanura ubushobozi bwuzuye bwo kwishyuza byihuse.

AVS kubikoresho byo hejuru - ibikoresho byamashanyarazi: Ibikoresho bisaba hejuru ya 27W guhera mu mpera za 2024 bigomba gushyigikira AVS, reba rero "AVS 9-20V" muburyo bwa charger.

Icyemezo: USB - NIBA icyemezo (numero ya TID) cyemeza ko charger yatsinze ikizamini cyo kubahiriza.

Ku nsinga, ibimenyetso bifite akamaro. Umugozi wagenwe "USB 2.0" ukoresha gusa amakuru yihuta kugera kuri 480 Mbps ariko urashobora gushyigikira gutanga amashanyarazi 240W - kandi amanota yatanzwe aratandukanye. Shakisha:

5Acyangwa100W+akamenyetso hejuru - imbaraga zikoreshwa

E - ikimenyetso cyerekanabisabwa kubintu byose birenga 60W

USB - NIBA icyemezo(nubwo ibi bidakunze kugaragara ku nsinga)

Multi - charger zicyambu zitangiza ibintu bigoye. 100W ya kabiri - charger yamashanyarazi irashobora gutanga 100W kuva kumurongo umwe, cyangwa 65W + 30 W mugihe byombi bikora. Ibyiza bikoresha imbaraga zingufu zitangwa, kugenzura ibikoresho byahujwe buri masegonda make no kugabana imbaraga nkuko bikenewe. Ingengo yimari ikoresha gahunda yagenwe ita agaciro ubushobozi - terefone imwe ya 30W kuri charger ya 100W yagenewe 65W + 35 W gutandukana yabona 35W gusa.

Oya. Imishyikirano yimbaraga zituma ibikoresho byakira gusa ibyo basabye. Amashanyarazi ya 100W ahujwe na terefone ishyigikira 18W gusa izatanga 18W neza nyuma yumushyikirano. Ubushobozi bwinyongera bwicara budakoreshejwe.

Ntabwo insinga zose za USB - C zishyigikira amashanyarazi neza. Intsinga zigomba gupimwa kubushobozi bwawe bukenewe - 60W kandi munsi yakazi hamwe ninsinga zisanzwe, ariko 100W no hejuru bisaba insinga za 5A - hamwe na chip ya e-marikeri. Gukoresha umugozi udashyigikiwe bizagabanya umuvuduko wo kwishyuza cyangwa ubushyuhe bwinshi.

Impamvu eshatu zisanzwe: umugozi ntusuzumwa numuyoboro mwinshi, bateri yigikoresho cyawe irashyushye kandi yagabanije umuvuduko wumuriro kubwumutekano, cyangwa charger ntabwo ishigikira voltage yihariye igikoresho cyawe gisaba. Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bigabanya umuvuduko wo kwishyuza mugihe ecran iri cyangwa igikoresho kirimo gukoreshwa.

USB - C bivuga imiterere ihuza umubiri - icyuma gito, gisubira inyuma. USB PD ni protocole y'itumanaho ituma kwishyurwa byihuse no gutanga amashanyarazi menshi binyuze muri uwo muhuza. Urashobora kugira USB - C idafite PD, ariko USB PD isaba USB - C.

USB Power Delivery

USB PD yasezeranije gukuraho igikurura cya charger nyirizina, kandi gitangwa igice. Urashobora noneho kwishyuza terefone, tableti, mudasobwa zigendanwa, hamwe nibindi bikoresho byinshi biva muri charger imwe - mugihe usobanukiwe nibisabwa ingufu hamwe nubufasha bwa protocole.

Ariko ubwihindurize bwibisobanuro byagabanije guhuza. PPS vs AVS, SPR vs EPR, AVS isabwa nyuma ya 27W, ibintu bidahwitse abayikora bashira mubikorwa - ibi bitera urujijo. Igikoresho kuva muri 2020 ntigishobora kwihuta - kwishyuza hamwe na charger 2025 nubwo byombi bisaba "USB PD 3.0".

Manda y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi isaba USB - C ku bikoresho byinshi mu 2024 yihutishije kwakirwa ariko inagaragaza ibyo byuho. Amatsinda yinganda ubu asunika kubirango bisobanutse neza, ariko guhera muntangiriro ya 2025, uracyakeneye kugenzura inkunga yihariye ya protocole aho kwizera ikirego rusange "kwishyurwa byihuse".

Kubikoresho bifite bateri ya lithium ion, USB PD yerekana iterambere ryiza cyane hejuru yumuriro wa -. Ubushobozi bwa protocole bwo guhuza ingufu za voltage hafi nibisabwa na batiri bigabanya ubushyuhe bwimyanda kandi igafasha kwishyurwa byihuse nta bushyuhe bukabije. Nkuko kwakirwa kwa PPS bikomeje kwiyongera - cyane cyane hagati - ibikoresho bya Android byahoze bishingiye ku bipimo bwite - turagenda twegera kwishyurwa byihuse kwisi yose.

Umugozi ukomeza kuba intege nke. Kugeza e - chip marike ibaye itegeko kuri insinga zose za USB - C kandi kwemeza neza birinda ibicuruzwa - byujuje ibisabwa kwinjira ku isoko, abayikoresha bakeneye kwitondera ibisobanuro. Isezerano rya "umugozi umwe kuri buri kintu" nukuri, ariko mugihe iyo kabili yujuje USB - NIBA ibipimo. Reba amanota, reba ibyemezo, kandi mugihe bishoboka, koresha insinga ziva muruganda rumwe nibikoresho byawe byo hejuru -.