Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi ni iki?

Kugabanuka kwa voltage nigabanuka ryubushobozi bwamashanyarazi bubaho mugihe amashanyarazi atembera mumashanyarazi. Ibi bibaho kubera ko abayobora bose - kuva insinga z'umuringa kugeza kuri bateri - bafite imbaraga zo kurwanya zirwanya imigezi, zihindura ingufu z'amashanyarazi mubushuhe.

Ubukanishi bwa voltage yamashanyarazi kumahame shingiro yamashanyarazi. Iyo electron zinyuze mu kiyobora icyo aricyo cyose, zihura nuburwanya buturutse kubintu bya atome. Izi mbaraga zo kurwanya zitera gutakaza ingufu, zigaragara nkubushyuhe bwombi ndetse no kugabanya ingufu za voltage aho zerekeza ugereranije ninkomoko.

Amategeko ya Ohm atanga imibare yimibare yibi bintu: V=I × R. Igabanuka rya voltage rihwanye numuyoboro wikubye mukurwanya. Muburyo bufatika, insinga itwaye amperes 10 hamwe na 0.5 oms yo guhangana nayo izagabanukaho 5 volt muburebure bwayo.

Isano iri hagati yizo mpinduka ntabwo ihagaze. Imizigo ihanitse yongera imbaraga za voltage ugereranije. Mu buryo busa nabwo, impinduka zirwanya hamwe nuyobora ibintu - ubwoko bwibintu, umusaraba {{3} area igice cyagace, uburebure, nubushyuhe byose bigira uruhare. Abayobora umuringa bagaragaza uburebure bwa metero 1.68 × 10⁻⁸ ohm - kuri dogere 20, naho aluminium yerekana imbaraga nyinshi kuri metero 2.82 × 10⁻⁸ ohm -.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe zongera ikibazo. Kuri buri dogere 1 yiyongera ubushyuhe, umuringa urwanya 0.393%. Umuyoboro ukora kuri dogere 75 aho kuba dogere 20 afite uburambe bugera kuri 21.5%, byongera imbaraga za voltage.

Kugirango uhindure sisitemu zigezweho, kubara biba bigoye. Imirongo ya AC irimo impedance aho guhangana neza - ihuriro ryokurwanya hamwe nigisubizo kivuye mubintu bya inductive na capacitive. Inzira ihinduka kuri V=I × Z, aho Z igereranya impedance. Indangagaciro zifatika ziterwa ninshuro, hamwe numurongo mwinshi wongera reaction ya inductive.

Uburebure bw'abayobora bugaragaza impamvu itaziguye. Kurwanya amashanyarazi biragereranijwe neza nuburebure bwuyobora - gukuba kabiri uburebure bwinsinga bikubye kabiri kurwanywa bityo imbaraga za voltage zikagabanuka. Umugozi wa metero 100 wiruka uzagira inshuro ebyiri umuvuduko wa voltage ya metero 50 wiruka munsi yimitwaro isa.

Igipimo cyurugero rutanga itandukaniro rinini mubikorwa. Ibipimo by'Abanyamerika Wire Gauge (AWG) byerekana ko insinga 14 z'umuringa za AWG zifite imbaraga za 2.5 ohm kuri metero 1.000, mugihe 10 AWG igabanuka ikagera kuri 1.0 ohm kuri metero 1.000. Buri kimwe cya gatatu - igipimo kigabanuka hafi yikubye kabiri umusaraba - igice cyigice, ugabanya kurwanya kabiri.

Guhitamo ibikoresho bifite akamaro kanini. Umuringa na aluminiyumu biganje mu mashanyarazi bitewe nigiciro -, ariko ubushobozi bwabo buratandukanye cyane. Umuringa utanga imbaraga zo kurwanya 61% ugereranije na aluminium, bivuze ko abayobora aluminium bakeneye diameter nini kugirango bahuze umuringa wa voltage ugabanuka.

Imizigo yumuvuduko ikora imbaraga zo gutwara voltage. Ibikoresho bishushanya amperage yo hejuru bitanga urugero runini rwa voltage igabanuka kurwego rumwe. Umuzunguruko urashobora gukora byemewe kuri amperes 10 ariko ukagira ikibazo cya voltage igabanuka mugihe umutwaro wiyongereye kuri amperes 30.

Ubwiza bwihuza akenshi butera ibibazo bya voltage kugabanuka kubara. Imiyoboro ya terefone irekuye, ihuza ryangiritse, cyangwa impamba zidahagije zirema ahantu harehare -. Uturere twibibazo bitanga ubushyuhe bukabije hamwe nigihombo cya voltage cyibanze ahantu hamwe aho gukwirakwizwa muburebure bwuyobora.

Sisitemu ya bateri ya lithium sisitemu ihura ningorane zidasanzwe zo kugabanuka mugihe cyinshi - cyubu cyo gusohora. Kurwanya imbere muri selile ya lithium, mubisanzwe 20 - 50 miliohms ya selile yo mu rwego rwohejuru, ikomatanya hamwe no kurwanya ihuza muri paki yose. Ibice 24 bigize selile igizwe na miliohms 40 kuri selile ikora miliohms 960 zose zirwanya imbere mbere yo gutekereza guhangana.

Voltage Drop

Ibipimo bigomba kubaho mugihe cyimitwaro. Hatabayeho gutembera kwubu, nta gitonyanga cya voltage kibaho gupima. Umuzunguruko ufunguye uzerekana inkomoko ya voltage umwanya uwariwo wose, idatanga amakuru yingirakamaro kubyerekeye imikorere ya sisitemu mubikorwa nyabyo.

Tekinike ikwiye ikubiyemo gushyira metero nyinshi ahantu habiri hatandukanye mugihe uruziga rukora umutwaro wuzuye cyangwa usanzwe. Shira iperereza ryambere kumasoko ya voltage point - itumanaho rya batiri cyangwa ibisohoka kumashanyarazi. Shyira iperereza rya kabiri kumurongo winjiza. Itandukaniro rya voltage hagati yibi bisomwa ryerekana kugabanuka kwa voltage kuruhande rwumuzunguruko.

Kugirango isesengura ryuzuye rya sisitemu, abatekinisiye bakora ibipimo byo kugabanuka kwa voltage mubice. Reba kuva inkomoko kumuzunguruko, kumena kugeza kumasanduku, guhuza agasanduku kanyuma cyangwa umutwaro. Ubu buryo bugaragaza ibibazo byihariye aho kwemeza gusa sisitemu idahagije.

Imibare myinshi ya digitale itanga ibisobanuro bihagije kuri porogaramu nyinshi, nubwo metero ya RMS yukuri itanga ibisobanuro birambuye kumasoko ya AC hamwe na - sinusoidal waveforms. Imashini ya Clamp yemerera ibipimo bigezweho nta guhagarika uruziga, bifite akamaro mukubara ibipimo byateganijwe kumanuka ugereranije nagaciro gapimwe.

Sisitemu yo gupakira bateri isaba uburyo bwihariye. Gupima voltage igabanuka muburyo bwa batiri ya lithium ikubiyemo kugerageza haba munsi ya - umutwaro hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gusohora. Ingirabuzimafatizo nzima irashobora gusoma 3.7V ifunguye - umuzenguruko ariko ikamanuka kuri 3.5V munsi yikigereranyo cya 1C, byerekana ko igabanuka rya 0.2V riva mukurwanya imbere.

Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri igezweho idahwema gukurikirana voltage muri selile zitandukanye hamwe nibice bipakira. Izi sisitemu zerekana imbaraga za voltage zerekana selile zangiritse, imiyoboro mibi, cyangwa imigezi ikabije mbere yo guteza ibibazo byumutekano.

Imikorere yibikoresho itesha agaciro iyo voltage itanga munsi yibipimo byagenwe. Moteri ishushanya ibintu byinshi bigerageza kwishyura kuri voltage nkeya, biganisha ku bushyuhe bukabije no kugabanya imikorere. Moteri yagenewe gukora 240V irashobora gushushanya 25% byubu mugihe itanzwe na 216V, byihuta cyane kwambara.

Sisitemu yo kumurika yerekana ingaruka zigaragara. Amatara maremare atagaragara neza, mugihe LED ishobora guhindagurika cyangwa guhindura ubushyuhe bwamabara. Amatara ya Fluorescent arashobora kunanirwa gutangira kwizerwa cyangwa kubyara kugabanuka kumurika. Ibi bimenyetso byerekana umuvuduko wa voltage urenga 5-7% ya voltage yo gutanga nominal.

Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike ibyiyumvo biratandukanye cyane. Mudasobwa na microprocessor - ibikoresho bigenzurwa bihanganira itandukaniro rya voltage nabi - benshi bahagarika cyangwa badakora neza nigitonyanga cya voltage kirenga 10%. Igenzura ryinganda rishobora kugabanuka kuri 15% munsi ya voltage nominal, guhagarika ibikorwa.

Ubushuhe bwihuta bwihuta hamwe nigabanuka ryinshi rya voltage. Ingufu zabuze mu bayobora zihindura umusaruro ushushe. Umuzunguruko ufite 10V ugabanuka kuri 20A ukwirakwiza watt 200 nkubushyuhe mu nsinga aho kugeza izo mbaraga kumuzigo. Ubushyuhe burambye butesha agaciro insulation, bigatera ingaruka zumuriro.

Bateri ipakira lithiumuburambe bwo kugabanya ubushobozi bwa voltage igabanuka munsi yumutwaro. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri irashobora guhagarika igihe kitaragera mugihe voltage igabanutse kugera kumupaka, nubwo selile zigumana umuriro mwinshi. Ingaruka ya "voltage sag" igaragara cyane murwego rwo hejuru - rwo gusohora, kugabanya ubushobozi bwakoreshwa na 10 - 20% ugereranije n’amazi make.

Utugingo ngengabuzima twa Litiyumu twerekana non - umurongo wa voltage ugabanuka kuranga umurongo wo gusohora. Uhereye kuri charge yuzuye kuri 4.2V kuri selile, voltage plateaus hafi 3.7V kubice byinshi byubushobozi mbere yo kugabanuka vuba munsi ya 3.4V. Munsi yumutwaro uremereye, kurwanya imbere bitera imbaraga ziyongera kumashanyarazi azana voltage ya selile mukarere kagabanutse cyane imburagihe.

Impungenge z'umutekano zigaragara iyo kugabanuka kwa voltage bitera gushushanya birenze. Ibikoresho byishyura voltage nkeya mugukurura ibintu byinshi birenze urugero ibikoresho byo kurinda umuzunguruko. Inzitizi zumuzunguruko zishobora kugenda bitari ngombwa, cyangwa birushijeho kuba bibi, abayobora ubushyuhe burenze ubushyuhe bwagenwe mbere yuko uburinzi bukora.

Amategeko y’igihugu y’amashanyarazi atanga ibyifuzo aho kuba itegeko risabwa kugirango imipaka igabanuke. NEC 210.19 (A) (1) itanga igitekerezo cyo kugabanya umuvuduko wa voltage kumuzunguruko wamashami kugera kuri 3% ya voltage ikoreshwa kumasoko ya kure. NEC 215.2 (A) (4) irasaba imipaka isa kubagaburira.

Umuvuduko ukabije wa voltage ugabanije kugaburira no kugaburira amashami ntibigomba kurenga 5% ukurikije amakuru ya NEC. Ibi bituma habaho guhinduka muburyo bwa sisitemu - a 2% yo kugaburira ibiryo byemerera 3% kugabanuka kumashami, cyangwa ubundi buryo butandukanye hamwe 5% cyangwa munsi yayo.

Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byoroshye byitaweho bidasanzwe. NEC 647.4 (D) igabanya umuvuduko wa voltage kugera kuri 1.5% kumuzunguruko wamashami ukora amajwi / amashusho yoroheje cyangwa ibikoresho bisa, hamwe na federasiyo hamwe nishami byose hamwe ntibirenza 2.5%. Izi mbibi zikomeye zirinda ibibazo byimikorere muri electronics neza.

Ibipimo mpuzamahanga biratandukanye. Amabwiriza y’Ubwongereza muri BS7671 agaragaza umuvuduko ntarengwa wa 3% kumashanyarazi (6.9V kuri sisitemu 230V) na 5% kubindi bice (11.5V). Amategeko yo muri Kanada Amashanyarazi Amategeko 8-102 nayo agabanya imirongo yishami kugera kuri 3% naho igabanuka rikagera kuri 5%.

Kuri sisitemu ya 120V, 3% bingana na 3.6V igabanuka ntarengwa. Kumurongo wa 240V, 3% yemerera 7.2V kugabanuka. Izi mbuga zituma ibikoresho byakira voltage ihagije mugihe bigabanya imyanda yingufu no gushyushya mumashanyarazi.

Sisitemu ya bateri ibura ibipimo ngenderwaho bya voltage yisi yose, hamwe nababikora batanga progaramu - ubuyobozi bwihariye. Ibikoresho bya batiri ya Litiyumu mubisanzwe byibasira munsi ya 2 - 3% igabanuka ryumubyigano uva kuri terefone kugirango uremere mugihe ntarengwa cyo gusohora, nubwo porogaramu zifite ingufu nyinshi zishobora kwemera kugera kuri 5%.

Ibanze shingiro rya DC yamashanyarazi akurikiza Amategeko ya Ohm mu buryo butaziguye: VD=I × R, aho VD ari igabanuka rya voltage, ubu ndi muri amperes, na R ni ukurwanya kuyobora muri ohms. Kubara imbaraga zose zivuye mubisobanuro byinsinga n'uburebure, kugwiza numuyoboro uremereye.

Kurugero rufatika: Sisitemu ya 12V DC itanga amperes 30 muri metero 50 zumuringa wa AWG 10 (1.0 ohm kuri metero 1.000). Kurwanya byose bingana na 50/1000 × 1.0=0.05 ohms. Umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi uhwanye na 30A × 0.05Ω=1.5 V, bingana na 12.5% bya 12V itanga - birenze kugirango bikore neza.

Ingero imwe - icyiciro AC kubara ikoresha uburyo busa hamwe nikintu cyo gukosora: VD=2 × K × I × D ÷ CM, aho K ari umuyoboro uhoraho uhoraho (12.9 kumuringa, 21.2 kuri aluminium), Ndiho ubu, D ni intera imwe - inzira yamaguru kuva kumeza yinsinga.

Sisitemu eshatu - sisitemu ihindura formula: VD=1.732 × K × I × D ÷ CM. Ikintu 1.732 (imizi ya kare ya 3) ibara umubano mubyiciro muburyo buringaniye butatu - imitwaro.

Ba injeniyeri bakunze gusubira inyuma kuva voltage yemewe kugirango bamenye ingano yubuyobozi bukenewe. Gutondekanya formulaire: CM=1.732 × K × I × D ÷ VD yemerera kubara agace gato kazengurutse mil ikenewe kugirango umuyaga ugabanuke munsi yintego.

Litiyumu ya batiri yamashanyarazi yamashanyarazi igomba kubara amasoko menshi yo guhangana. Kurwanya selile y'imbere byongera imbaraga zo guhangana (imirongo ya nikel cyangwa busbars) hamwe no kurwanya insinga zo hanze. Kuri paki ya 24 - selile ikoresheje selile ifite 30mΩ irwanya imbere, igiteranyo cyuzuye kigera kuri 720mΩ mbere yo gusuzuma isano. Mugihe cyo gusohora 50A, umuvuduko wimbere wonyine uhwanye na 36V-nini mumapaki 88.8V.

Voltage Drop

Kuzamura abayobora bitanga igisubizo cyoroshye. Kongera igipimo cyurugero rwintambwe eshatu hafi yikubye kabiri cross {1} area igice cyigice, kugabanya kurwanya no kugabanuka kwa voltage igice. Kuzamura kuva 12 AWG kugeza kuri 8 AWG bigabanya kwihanganira kuva kuri 1,6 kugeza 0,64 ohm kuri metero 1.000 - 60% gutera imbere.

Kwiyongera k'umubyigano kurwego rwa sisitemu bituma imbaraga zo hasi zitangwa zingana. Sisitemu ya bateri ya 48V isaba kimwe cya kabiri cyubu cya sisitemu ya 24V kumitwaro imwe ya wattage. Kubera ko igitonyanga cya voltage kigereranwa nubu, kugabanya icya kabiri kigabanya voltage kugabanuka mo kabiri mugihe utanga imbaraga zisa.

Inzira yumuzunguruko itezimbere igabanya uburebure bwabayobora. Gushyira ingamba zo gukwirakwiza paneli bigabanya insinga kugera kumitwaro ya kure. Mugushushanya kwinyubako, gushakisha amashanyarazi hagati aho kubaka inguni birashobora kugabanya uburebure bwa 30-40%.

Kuringaniza ibangikanye ikora neza kugwiza insinga - igice cyagace. Gukoresha ibyuma 10 10 bya AWG muburyo bubangikanye bitanga ubushobozi bungana kumurongo umwe wa 7 AWG, akenshi kubiciro buke. Inzira ibangikanye itwara kimwe cya kabiri cyubu, igabanya umuvuduko wa voltage kugera kuri 25% byibyo umuyobozi umwe yabona.

Guhuza ubuziranenge bwibihuza birinda ibibazo bya voltage kugabanuka. Umuyoboro ukwiye kumashanyarazi, anti - ibice bya okiside kuri aluminiyumu, hamwe nibikoresho byabigenewe byerekana ko - ihuza imbaraga. Ihuza ridahwitse wongeyeho 0.1 ohm irwanya mukuzunguruka 30A itera 3V voltage igabanuka kuri iyo ngingo imwe.

Ibikoresho bya bateri iboneza iringaniza voltage igabanuka kubindi bintu byashushanyije. Urukurikirane - gahunda ibangikanye ikwirakwiza ikigezweho mumirongo myinshi ibangikanye, igabanya amashanyarazi kuri selile na voltage yimbere. Iboneza rya 24S2P (selile 24 zikurikiranye, imirongo ibiri ibangikanye) igabanya igice cyo gusohora binyuze muri buri mugozi ugereranije na 24S1P.

Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ya Litiyumu irashobora kwishyura ingaruka ziterwa na voltage binyuze mugukurikirana neza. Ibice bya BMS byateye imbere bipima ingufu za selile kugiti cyumutwaro, ubara imiterere yumuriro nubwo voltage sag. Ibi birinda gusohora imburagihe kandi bigakoresha ubushobozi bukoreshwa.

Amapaki ya batiri ya Litiyumu yerekana imbaraga zidasanzwe za voltage zitandukanye na bateri gakondo -. Kurwanya imbere muri selile nziza ya lithium iri hagati ya miliohms 20-80 bitewe na chimie selile nubunini. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa LiFePO4 mubisanzwe twerekana imbaraga zo hejuru imbere (40-80mΩ) ugereranije na selile NMC (20-50mΩ), nubwo LiFePO4 itanga ubuzima bwikurikiranya.

Gahunda ya selile igira ingaruka zikomeye kuri sisitemu ya voltage igabanuka. Guhuza urukurikirane bigwiza voltage mugihe ukomeza ubushobozi bwubu, ariko kandi ugereranya imbere imbere. Urupapuro 24 - urukurikirane rwa selile 40mΩ ikora 960mΩ irwanya imbere. Ihuza rifitanye isano igwiza ubushobozi bugezweho mugihe impuzandengo yo kurwanya imbere - selile eshatu zibangikanye zigabanya kurwanya neza kimwe cya gatatu cyakagari kamwe.

Igipimo cyo gusohora kigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri voltage igabanuka. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa Litiyumu twerekana ko duhora twirinda imbere mu gipimo cyo gusohora, bivuze ko umunzani ugabanuka ugereranije n'umuriro. Ingirabuzimafatizo ifite 40mΩ irwanya uburambe 0.04V igabanuka kuri 1A ariko 2.0V igabanuka kuri 50A. Itandukaniro rya 2V rirashobora gusunika ingufu za selile kuva mubutayu bwa 3.7V mukarere kagabanuka cyane.

Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe zongera ibibazo bya voltage igabanuka. Litiyumu selile imbere irwanya cyane ubushyuhe buke - ikubye kabiri hagati ya dogere 25 na dogere -20. Ipaki ya batiri yerekana 5% ya voltage igabanuka kubushyuhe bwicyumba irashobora kugabanukaho 10% ya voltage mubihe bikonje, bikagabanya cyane ubushobozi bwakoreshwa.

Kurwanya guhuza byongera selile imbere. Nickel strip ihuza utugingo ngengabuzima itangiza miliohms 5 - 20 kuri buri guhuza ukurikije uburebure bwikigero, uburebure, nubwiza bwo gusudira. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwakozwe ku gishushanyo mbonera cya batiri bwerekanye ko imirongo ya nikel yerekanaga 0.237Ω irwanya imbaraga zose hamwe na 11.735V ya voltage yagabanutse kuri 50A, mu gihe iboneza rya nikel ryageze kuri 0.048Ω gusa hamwe na 2.82V igabanuka-hafi inshuro 5.

Imiterere yishyurwa igira ingaruka kumyitwarire ya voltage. Utugingo ngengabuzima twuzuye twuzuye tugumana voltage ihamye munsi yumutwaro uciriritse, ariko selile zasohotse cyane (munsi ya 20% yuburyo bwishyurwa) zigaragaza imbaraga zo kurwanya imbere. Ibi bitera ingaruka zifatika aho umuvuduko wa voltage wihuta nkuko bateri igabanuka, bikagabanya ubushobozi bwakoreshwa muri 20-30% yanyuma yubushobozi bwagenwe.

Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri igira uruhare runini mugucunga ingaruka za voltage. Kuringaniza ingirabuzimafatizo mugihe cyo kwishyuza byemeza voltage imwe murukurikirane - selile ihujwe, ikabuza selile zidafite imbaraga zo kugabanya imikorere yipaki. Mugihe cyo gusohora, ibice bya BMS bikurikirana voltage munsi yumutwaro kugirango wirinde - gusohora ingirabuzimafatizo kugiti cye nubwo voltage yamapaki ikomeza kuba hejuru yumupaka.

Guhuza ingirabuzimafatizo mugihe cyo guterana bigabanya imbaraga za voltage zidahuye. Ingirabuzimafatizo zifite ubushobozi bumwe, kurwanya imbere, hamwe na {{1} rates igipimo cyo gusohora gikora kimwe munsi yumutwaro. Ingirabuzimafatizo zidahuye zirema voltage igabanya itandukaniro igabanya paki yose kumikorere ya selile idakomeye, gutakaza ubushobozi muri selile zikomeye.

Umuvuduko wigihe gito utandukana uhagaze - kubara leta. Imashini itangira moteri cyangwa capacitor inrush irema ibintu bigufi - imiterere yiki gihe, birashobora gutera imbaraga za voltage zihagarika ibikoresho byoroshye nubwo mugihe - kugabanuka kwa voltage ya leta bikomeza kwemerwa. Imashanyarazi irashobora gushika inshuro 5-7 zisanzwe zikoreshwa mumasegonda menshi.

Kugoreka neza muri sisitemu ya AC bigora isesengura rya voltage. Non - imizigo yumurongo nka drives ihindagurika yimikorere itanga imiyoboro ihuza imbaraga zongera imbaraga zokwirinda neza kurenza agaciro ka DC. Ingaruka yuruhu kuri fonctionnement ihuza imbaraga ziyobora hejuru yuyobora, bikagabanya umusaraba mwiza - agace.

Ibikoresho bigenzura amashanyarazi birashobora kwishyura indishyi zagabanutse mubikorwa bikomeye. Automatic voltage igenzura ikomeza gusohora voltage nubwo yinjiza itandukanye, nubwo itangiza igihombo ninyongera. Amashanyarazi adahwema gutanga amashanyarazi ateganya imbaraga hamwe nububiko bwinyuma, kurinda imitwaro yoroheje kugabanuka kwa voltage no guhagarara.

Gukosora ibintu bigabanya ubunini bugezweho kubitangwa ryamashanyarazi, bigabanya kugabanuka kumashanyarazi. Amabanki ya capasitori yuzuza imitwaro yindobanure yimikorere idahwitse, ituma abayobora gutwara imbaraga nyazo hamwe nigabanuka ryumubyigano hamwe na voltage.

Kwishyiriraho ubwenge bwa algorithms muri sisitemu ya batiri bigabanya ingaruka zo kugabanuka kumashanyarazi kumwanya nubushobozi. Multi - icyiciro cyo kwishyuza protocole ihindura amashanyarazi ashingiye kuri voltage ya selile munsi yumutwaro, irinda izamuka ryumuvuduko ukabije watera kwishyuza imburagihe. Ibi byongera imbaraga zo guhererekanya ingufu mugihe urinda selile guhangayikishwa cyane.

Igeragezwa ritunganijwe ritandukanya imbaraga za voltage. Tangirira kumasoko yimbaraga hamwe numutwaro ufite imbaraga, gupima voltage. Iterambere rinyuze mumuzunguruko - guhagarika nyamukuru, gukwirakwiza, gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, gusohora, hamwe no guterura imizigo - gufata amajwi kuri buri mwanya. Ibitonyanga byingenzi hagati yingingo ebyiri zikurikiranye zerekana ahantu ibibazo.

Amashusho yubushyuhe agaragaza ibibazo byihishe. Kamera ya infragre yerekana ahantu hashyushye yerekana hejuru - ihuza rirwanya mbere yo gutera kunanirwa. Ihuza ryerekana dogere 20-30 hejuru yubushyuhe bwibidukikije irasaba kwitabwaho byihuse. Itandukaniro ryubushyuhe burenze dogere 50 ryerekana ingaruka zikomeye zisaba gukosorwa byihutirwa.

Umutwaro uriho kugenzura byemeza kubara bihuye nukuri. Ibipimo bya metero zipima mugihe cyimikorere ikora byerekana igishushanyo nyacyo. Ibikoresho byihariye birashobora gupfobya ibyukuri {{2} current isi igezweho, cyane cyane moteri ya moteri cyangwa capacitori yumuriro utanga imbaraga za voltage.

Ibimenyetso byo kugabanuka kwa voltage akenshi bigana ibindi bibazo byamashanyarazi. Amatara yaka ashobora kwerekana imbaraga za voltage ariko nanone irashobora kwerekana ibimenyetso bidafite aho bibogamiye, ubwinjiriro bwa serivisi butagabanijwe, cyangwa ibibazo byingirakamaro. Ibipimo bya voltage itunganijwe munsi yumutwaro itandukanya izi mpamvu.

Gusuzuma ipaki ya bateri bisaba uburyo bwihariye. Igeragezwa ryubushobozi munsi yikigereranyo cyo gusohora kigaragaza selile zifite imbaraga zo kurwanya imbere. Akagari kerekana imbaraga nkeya cyane munsi yumutwaro ugereranije no {{2} conditions imiterere yimitwaro yerekana imbaraga zo hejuru imbere, bisaba gusimburwa kugirango ugarure imikorere yamapaki.

Voltage Drop

Sisitemu y'amashanyarazi ya RV na marine mubisanzwe ihura nibibazo byo kugabanuka kwa voltage. Umugozi muremure uva muri banki ya batiri ukageza ku mizigo, uhujwe n’ibikoresho byo hejuru - ibikoresho bigezweho nka konderasi na microwave, bitera imbaraga za voltage nyinshi. 30 - ikirenge cya 10 AWG insinga itanga amperes 20 igabanuka hafi 1,2V-iteye ikibazo muri sisitemu ya 12V (igihombo 10%) ariko irashobora gucungwa muri sisitemu ya 24V (igihombo 5%).

Imirasire y'izuba igomba kubara ingufu za voltage ziva kumurongo kugirango zishyure abagenzuzi no kuva muri bateri kugera kuri inverter. Imirasire y'izuba iri muri metero 100 uvuye kugenzura ibicuruzwa bisaba ubunini bwitwara neza. Kuri sisitemu ya 30A, 24V, urugendo rwa metero 200 (kuzenguruka no kuva kuri paneli) ikenera insinga 6 AWG kugirango ikomeze munsi ya 2% ya voltage.

Amashanyarazi ya batiri yimashanyarazi yerekana urugero - ingaruka zo kugabanuka kwa voltage. Imashini zigezweho zishushanya 300 - 400 amperes mugihe cyo kwihuta. Ndetse na miliohms 10 zo kurwanya birenze urugero zitera 3-4V kumanuka wimpanuka, kugabanya imbaraga zihari nurwego. Ababikora bashora imari cyane mumikoranire idahwitse bakoresheje gusudira ultrasonic hamwe no gushushanya bisi nziza.

Ikwirakwizwa rya data center ryerekana imbaraga zigabanuka kumashanyarazi igihe cyose. Ibikoresho bya seriveri byapimwe kuri 200-240V uburambe bwibikorwa byihuta kwambara iyo voltage ikomeje kugabanuka munsi ya 200V. Ibikoresho bikomeza kugabanuka kwa voltage munsi ya 2% kurinda ibikoresho bihenze no kwemeza imikorere yizewe.

Inganda zikoresha moteri yinganda zerekana uburyo kugabanuka kwa voltage bigira ingaruka kumusaruro. Moteri ya 460V ihura na 8% ya voltage igabanuka yakira 423V gusa. Iyi undervoltage yongerera ibishushanyo hafi 9%, bitanga ubushyuhe bwa 19% (I lossesR igihombo) mumashanyarazi. Gukomatanya bigabanya imikorere ya moteri 3-5% kandi byihutisha gusenyuka.

Amategeko y’amashanyarazi arasaba kugabanya umuvuduko wa voltage kugera kuri 3% kumuzunguruko wamashami na 5% uhujwe kubagaburira hamwe nizunguruka ryamashami. Kuri sisitemu ya 120V, ibi bivuze ko bitarenze 3.6V igabanuka kumuzingo kugiti cye na 6V yose hamwe. Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki byunvikana bisaba imipaka ikaze ya 1.5-2.5%.

Umuvuduko wa voltage wiyongera kumurongo hamwe nuburebure bwuyobora. Kwikuba kabiri uburebure bwikubye kabiri umuvuduko wa voltage munsi yumutwaro umwe. Iyi sano iringaniye isobanura insinga ndende ikenera insinga nini kugirango igumane urwego rwemewe rwa voltage.

Kugabanuka k'umubyigano ukabije ntibikunze gutera kwangirika ako kanya ariko byihutisha kwambara binyuze muburyo butandukanye. Moteri irashyuha cyane kubera kwiyongera kwishusho, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigira impungenge kuva - ya - ya voltage idasanzwe, kandi bateri zifite ibibazo byo kwishyuza. Igikorwa kirambye hamwe nigitonyanga kinini kigabanya ibikoresho igihe cyo kubaho cyane.

Kumuzunguruko wa DC, koresha: Umuvuduko Wumuvuduko=Ibiriho × Kurwanya. Shakisha imiyoboro irwanya imbonerahamwe ya wire (ohms kuri metero 1.000), kugwiza uburebure nyabwo, hanyuma ugwize numuyoboro uremereye. Kubara kumurongo byoroshya iyi nzira kumuzunguruko wa AC na DC ukoresheje insinga zikora mu buryo bwikora.

Ibyingenzi

Kugabanuka kwa voltage nigabanuka rya voltage iterwa no kurwanya imiyoboro iyo amashanyarazi anyuze mumashanyarazi

Ibintu byibanze bigira ingaruka kumanuka wa voltage harimo uburebure bwumuyoboro, gupima insinga, ubwoko bwibintu, hamwe nuburemere bwubu

Ibyifuzo bisanzwe bigabanya umuvuduko wa voltage kugera kuri 3-5% yumuriro wa voltage, nubwo ibikoresho byoroshye bisaba imipaka ikaze

Igisubizo kirimo kiyobora hejuru, sisitemu ya voltage yiyongera, hamwe na sisitemu yumuzunguruko kugirango ugabanye guhangana

Sisitemu ya batiri ya lithium ihura ningorane zidasanzwe ziva mukurwanya selile imbere hamwe nubwiza bwimikoranire bigira ingaruka kumikorere