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Uburyo bwo gushaka amakuru

Uburyo bumwe bwo gutandukanya imbaraga za selile

Moderi yo kugura amashanyarazi ya batiri ni igice cyingenzi cya sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu za batiri. Imikorere nukuri byerekana neza ukuri kwa sisitemu yerekana amakuru yimiterere ya bateri, kandi bikagira ingaruka no gushyira mubikorwa ingamba zifatika zo kugenzura. Uburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwo kumenya voltage ya selile harimo uburyo bwa relay array uburyo, burigihe isoko yinkomoko, uburyo bwihariye bwo kugura amplifier yo kugura, uburyo bwo kugura amashanyarazi ya voltage / inshuro nyinshi, hamwe nuburyo bwo kugura umurongo wa optocoupler amplifier.

1. Uburyo bwa Array Uburyo

Igicapo 8 - 6 cerekana igishushanyo mbonera cyumuzunguruko wa bateri yumuriro ushingiye kuburyo bwa relay array. Igizwe na sensor ya terefone yumurongo, umurongo wa relay, A - D (igereranya - kugeza - digital) chip chip, optocoupler, na multiplexer. Kugirango upime itumanaho rya terefone ya n bateri ihujwe murukurikirane, n +1 insinga zigomba guhuzwa na buri node mumapaki ya batiri. Iyo upimye voltage yumuriro wa batiri ya m - th, microcontroller yohereza ikimenyetso kijyanye no kugenzura, ihitamo icyerekezo gikwiye binyuze muri multiplexer, optocoupler, hamwe na moteri ya relay, ihuza insinga za m - na m +1- insinga za A - D. Mubisanzwe, kurwanya ibikoresho byo guhinduranya ni bito cyane, kandi ikosa ryatewe no kurwanya ibikoresho byo guhinduranya ntirishobora kuba ntarengwa nyuma yo guhuza n’umuzunguruko wa voltage. Byongeye kandi, imiterere yumuzunguruko yose iroroshye; gusa imbaraga za divideri igabanya imbaraga, chip ya AD ihindura, hamwe na voltage yerekanwe neza bigira ingaruka kumyizerere yanyuma. Amakosa yabarwanya hamwe na chip mubisanzwe birashobora gukorwa bito cyane. Kubwibyo, relay array uburyo irakwiriye cyane kubisabwa bisaba ibipimo bya batiri ya voltage nini kandi yukuri.

2. Uburyo buhoraho Inkomoko Yuburyo

Ihame ryibanze ryo kugereranya ingufu za batiri ikoresheje imbaraga zumuzunguruko uhoraho ni uguhindura ingufu za bateri ya terefone mu kimenyetso gihinduranya umurongo utabanje gukoresha rezistoriste ihinduka. Ibi bitezimbere sisitemu yo kurwanya - ubushobozi bwo kwivanga. Muri paki imwe ya - icyiciro cya batiri, kubera ko ingufu za batiri ya bateri iri hasi cyane, muri rusange hagati ya 2V na 5V, voltage iba ihagaze neza mugihe cyo gusohora, bityo bikazamura ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yo kurwanya -. Kubwibyo, umurongo - umuyoboro wogukoresha amplifier akenshi uhitamo mugushushanya kugirango ubigereho. Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye mubishushanyo mbonera no kubishyira mu bikorwa, guhora isoko yumuzunguruko irashobora gufata uburyo bwinshi butandukanye.

Umuzunguruko werekanye ku gishushanyo cya 8 - 7 ni urugero rumwe; ni isoko yama soko yumuzingi igizwe nurukurikirane - hitamo amplifier ikora hamwe na - amarembo yumurima-ngaruka transistor.

Nkuko bigaragara muburyo bwimikorere ya amplifier ikora, uyu muzunguruko ni - icyiciro cyerekezo - cyahujwe na amplifier umuzenguruko ufunguye - inyungu hamwe nibitekerezo byimbitse. Icyiciro cyacyo cyinjiza gikoresha imiyoboro itandukanye ya amplifier kandi ihujwe kuri chip imwe ya silicon, bivamo imikorere myiza ihuza hagati yibi byombi, kandi icyiciro cyo hagati gifite ubushobozi bwo kongera imbaraga. Ukurikije ihame ryumuzunguruko utandukanye, uyu muzunguruko ufite imbaraga zikomeye - uburyo bwo kwanga ibimenyetso. Kubwibyo, mugihe ukoresheje amplifier ikora kugirango upime voltage ya selile imwe mumapaki ya bateri, rusange - uburyo bwo kwangwa hamwe nubushobozi bwo kongera imbaraga bizamura ibipimo byukuri. Iruzitiro - umurima w irembo - ingaruka transistor (IGFET) nigikoresho cya semiconductor ikoresha amashanyarazi yumuriro wumuriro winjira kugirango ugenzure ibisohoka byumuzunguruko. Iyo ikorera mukarere kahinduwe mukurwanya, ibisohoka kumazi ya I Ijyanye neza na enterineti yinjiza - inkomoko ya voltage. Byongeye kandi, irembo - inkomoko ya transistor ya tristoriste ni ndende cyane, bivamo umuyoboro muto cyane, mugihe imiyoboro - isoko yo - irwanya ari nto cyane, bikavamo hasi cyane kuri - ya voltage ya leta. Igicapo 8 - 7 gikoresha P - kuzamura umuyoboro - umurima wuburyo - ingaruka transistor (FET), kandi diode ya Zener ihujwe no gukomeza irembo rihoraho - isoko ya voltage Ucs. Amplifier ikora ikorera mukarere. Niba hasi kuri - kurwanya FET byatoranijwe, kuri leta ya voltage igabanuka ni ntarengwa. Kubwibyo,

kugerwaho

Muburinganire bwavuzwe haruguru, itandukaniro riri hagati ya u₁ na u₂ ni voltage yumuriro wa bateri, naho U₁ ni isohoka rya voltage ya inverting ikora amplifier circuit. Biroroshye kubona ko diode ya Zener ihujwe nibisohoka bya amplifier ikora itanga ibitekerezo, bikomeza umuzenguruko muburyo bwiza. V₀ ↑ →|Uz|↓ IL ↓ →|VR|↓ → VI ↑ →|V₀|↓. Aho V₀ ni ibisohoka voltage ya amplifier ikora; VR ni voltage hejuru yumurwanya R₁; na VI niyinjiza itandukanye ya voltage ya amplifier ikora, ni ukuvuga, VI=U₁ - U₂. Iyo umuzenguruko uringaniye, VI=0. Umuzenguruko uhoraho uturuka kumurongo ufite imiterere yoroshye, ikomeye ihuriweho - uburyo bwo kwangwa, ubushobozi bwo kubona ibintu neza, hamwe nibikorwa byiza.

3. Amplifier ikora wenyine

Kwiyongera kwa amplifier ni ikintu cya elegitoronike gishobora gutandukanya amashanyarazi ibimenyetso bisa. Ikoreshwa cyane nk'akato mu kugenzura inganda no nk'itangazamakuru ryigenga mu bikoresho bitandukanye bitanga amashanyarazi. Mubisanzwe bigizwe nibice bibiri: igice cyinjiza nigice gisohoka. Izi zikoreshwa zitandukanye kandi zifatanije na magnetique. Ikimenyetso cyahinduwe nigice cyinjiza, kinyura murwego rwo kwigunga, hanyuma kigahinduka kandi kigasubizwa nigice gisohoka. Kwiyongera kwa operasiyo yimikorere nibyiza kuri bateri ya selile yo kugura amashanyarazi. Batandukanya ibyinjijwe bya batiri ya terefone ya voltage yumuzunguruko, bityo bakirinda kwivanga hanze no kunoza uburyo bwo kubona sisitemu no kwizerwa. Urugero rusanzwe rwo gusaba rutangwa hepfo.

Igicapo 8.8 cerekana ikoreshwa rya amplifier yimikorere yo kwigunga muri sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu za 600V. Ipaki ya batiri irimo 50 itambitse ya sisitemu - acide ya acide hamwe na voltage yagereranijwe ya 12V, kandi voltage ya terefone yabonetse umwe umwe numuzunguruko wa amplifier ukora. ISO 122 ni amplifier yo kwigunga yateguwe hamwe na tekinoroji ya modulation na demodulation yapakishijwe na Black & Decker (BBB) ​​muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika, ikoresha tekinoroji ya capacitori ihuza hamwe nibisanzwe - muburyo bwa - umurongo (DIP). Ibice byinjira nibisohoka bya ISO 122 biherereye mumuzunguruko wicyitegererezo, gitandukanijwe na capacator ebyiri zahujwe na 1pF ikora urwego rwo kwigunga. Umuvuduko ukabije wa voltage uri hejuru ya 1500V (AC 60Hz ikomeza), hamwe no kwiherera kwinshi hamwe no kunguka kwinshi no guhuza umurongo, bityo byujuje ibisabwa mubikorwa. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8.8, imbaraga zo kwinjiza ISO 122 zivanwa mumashanyarazi ya batiri yikora, kandi ibimenyetso bisohoka, bifitanye isano n'umurongo wabyo, bigizwe na byinshi, hanyuma bigahita bigabanywa na rezistoriste ebyiri zuzuye zigenzurwa na microcontroller mbere yo koherezwa mubyinjira. Imbaraga zisohoka zitangwa na module yo gutanga amashanyarazi ku kibaho cyumuzunguruko, kandi ingufu za bateri ya terefone iri mu bwigunge. Twabibutsa ko mumashanyarazi ya terefone ya terefone ya bateri ya 50, inverter yongeweho nyuma yumuzunguruko wihariye wa amplifier umuzenguruko kugirango uhindure ibimenyetso bisohoka biva mubyiza bijya mubyiza. Twabibutsa kandi ko nubwo umuzunguruko wihariye wa amplifier waguze ibikorwa bifite imikorere myiza, igiciro cyacyo kinini cyagabanije gukoreshwa kwinshi.

4. Umuyoboro wa Voltage / Uburyo bwo Guhindura Inzira

Iyo ukoresheje voltage / inshuro (V / F) umuzenguruko kugirango ubone ingufu za selile ya batiri, V / F ihindura ni ngombwa. Nibigize bihindura ibimenyetso bya voltage mubimenyetso byinshyi, bitanga ubunyangamugayo buhebuje, umurongo, hamwe ninjiza byuzuye.

Igicapo 8 - 9 cerekana ishusho yumuzunguruko ya LM331 V / F ihindura ikoreshwa murwego rwo hejuru - neza neza V / F. LM331 ni - imikorere ihanitse ya V / F chip yakozwe na FS Microcontroller. Ikoresha ubushyuhe bushya bwishyurwa na bandgap yerekanwe, itanga ubunyangamugayo buhebuje murwego rwose rwubushyuhe bukora ndetse no kumashanyarazi atangwa nka 4.0V.

Muri ubu buryo bwo kugura, ikimenyetso cya voltage gihindurwa muburyo bwikimenyetso cyumurongo, gishobora noneho gutunganywa nicyambu cya microcontroller ntakeneye guhinduka A - D. Byongeye kandi, kugirango huzuzwe uruzinduko rwa V / F muri sisitemu yo kugura amashanyarazi ya bateri, imiyoboro ihitamo hamwe na amplifier ikora nayo igomba gutegurwa kugirango igere kubikorwa byinshi byo kugura umuyoboro -. Ubu buryo burimo ibice bike, ariko voltage - igenzurwa na oscillator irimo capacitor, kandi ikosa rigereranijwe rya capacator muri rusange ni rinini, hamwe na capacator nini zerekana amakosa manini ugereranije.

5. Umurongo wa Optocoupler Amplifier Inzira yo Kubona Inzira

Amashanyarazi ya batiri ya selile yumuzunguruko ashingiye kumurongo wa optocoupler igera ku bwigunge hagati yikimenyetso cyo kugura ibimenyetso no kurangiza gutunganya, bityo bikazamura umutekano wumuzunguruko hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwivanga -. Igicapo 8 {14 Ikoranabuhanga ridasanzwe ryifashishwa mu kwishyura indinganizo yigihe cya LED nibiranga ubushyuhe, bigatuma ibimenyetso bisohoka bihwanye neza na servo luminous flux yoherejwe na LED. TIL300 ifite akato ko hejuru ya 3500V, umurongo urenze 200kHz, ukwiranye no kongera imbaraga za signal ya DC na AC, kandi ufite umusaruro uva kuri 0.05% / dogere. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo, agaciro ka voltage ya selile imwe ya batiri (itandukaniro riri hagati ya U1 na U2) ihindurwamo ibimenyetso byubu Ip na amplifier ikora kandi ikanyura mumurongo wa optocoupler TIL300. Nyuma ya opto - kwigunga, isohora Ip2 iriho ubu ifitanye isano na Ip1. Ubu bugezweho noneho busubizwa mumashanyarazi ya voltage na amplifier ikora A2 ya A - D ihinduka no gushaka amakuru. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko impera zombi zumurongo wa optocoupler zisaba amashanyarazi atandukanye yigenga, yanditseho I +12 V na ± 12V mubishushanyo. Ibi birerekana ko umurongo wa optocoupler amplifier umuzenguruko udafite gusa kwigunga gukomeye hamwe nubushobozi bwo kurwanya - ariko kandi bikomeza umurongo mwiza wibimenyetso bisa mugihe cyoherejwe. Kubwibyo, irashobora gukoreshwa ifatanije na relay array cyangwa inzitizi zinjira muri sisitemu yo kugura imiyoboro myinshi. Nyamara, umuzenguruko wacyo uragoye, kandi ibintu byinshi birashobora kugira ingaruka kubwukuri.

Uburyo bwo Kubona Ubushyuhe

Ubushyuhe bwo gukora bwa bateri ntabwo bugira ingaruka kumikorere ya bateri gusa ahubwo bufitanye isano itaziguye numutekano wibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Kubwibyo, kubona ubushyuhe nyabwo ibipimo ni ngombwa. Kubona ubushyuhe ntabwo bigoye; urufunguzo ni uguhitamo ubushyuhe bukwiye. Kugeza ubu, ibyuma byinshi byerekana ubushyuhe birahari, nka thermistors, thermocouples, trististor tristoriste, hamwe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe.

1. Uburyo bwo Kubona Thermistor

Ihame ryuburyo bwo kubona thermistor bushingiye kubiranga ko kurwanya thermistor bihinduka hamwe nubushyuhe. Rististoriste ihamye ihujwe murukurikirane na thermistor kugirango ikore voltage igabanya, bityo ihindure urwego rwubushyuhe mubimenyetso bya voltage. Iki kimenyetso noneho gihindurwamo amakuru yubushyuhe bwa digitale ukoresheje analog - kugeza - guhinduranya imibare. Thermistors ihendutse ariko ifite umurongo mubi kandi muri rusange ifite amakosa manini yo gukora.

2. Uburyo bwo Kubona Amashanyarazi

Ihame ryakazi rya thermocouple nuko umubiri wa bimetallic utanga imbaraga zitandukanye za termoelektrike mubushyuhe butandukanye. Kubona agaciro gashobora guterwa nubushyuhe, agaciro k'ubushyuhe karashobora kuboneka ureba hejuru kumeza. Kubera ko ubushobozi bwa termoelektrike bushobora guterwa gusa nibikoresho, ukuri kwa thermocouples ni hejuru cyane. Ariko, kubera ko ubushobozi bwa termoelektrike ari milivolt - ibimenyetso byurwego, birakenewe ko hongerwaho imbaraga, bigatuma uruziga rwo hanze rugorana. Mubisanzwe, ibyuma bifite aho bishonga cyane, bityo thermocouples ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe -.

3. Uburyo bwo Kwishakira Ubushyuhe Bwuzuye

Mugihe ibipimo byubushyuhe bigenda bigaragara mubuzima bwa buri munsi no kubyara umusaruro, abakora semiconductor bazanye ibyuma byinshi byubushyuhe. Mugihe ibyinshi muri ibyo byuma bifata ibyuma bishingiye kuri thermistors, bigahinduka mugihe cyo gukora, bikavamo ukuri kugereranywa na thermocouples. Byongeye kandi, barashobora gusohora mu buryo butaziguye indangagaciro za digitale, bigatuma bakora neza - bikwiranye no gukoresha muri sisitemu ya sisitemu.

Uburyo bwo Kugura Ubu

Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutahura burimo shunts, transformateur, ibyuma byerekana ibyuma bya Hall, hamwe na fibre optique.

Ibiranga buri buryo bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe 8-1.

Muri ibyo bintu, ikiguzi kinini cya fibre optique igabanya imikoreshereze yabyo murwego rwo kugenzura; shunts ni hasi - igiciro kandi gifite igisubizo cyiza cya frequence, ariko biragoye gukoresha nkuko bigomba kuba bihujwe nu muzingo uriho; impinduka zubu zirashobora gukoreshwa gusa kubipimo bya AC; Ibikoresho bya Hall bigezweho bitanga imikorere myiza kandi byoroshye gukoresha. Kugeza ubu, shunts hamwe na sensor ya element ya sensor ikoreshwa cyane muburyo bwo kugura no kugenzura sisitemu yo gucunga amashanyarazi ya moteri.

Uburyo bwo Kumenya Umwotsi

Mugihe cyo gukora ibinyabiziga, kubera imiterere yumuhanda bigoye hamwe nibibazo byo gukora bateri, ibihe byihutirwa nkumwotsi cyangwa umuriro bishobora kubaho kubera ubushyuhe bwinshi, kwikuramo, cyangwa kugongana. Niba ibi bintu bitamenyekanye kandi bigakemurwa vuba, byanze bikunze biziyongera, bibangamire bateri zikikije, ibinyabiziga, nabakozi bo mu gice cy’imizigo, bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano w’ibinyabiziga. Mu rwego rwo gukumira ibintu nkibi, gukurikirana umwotsi byinjijwe muri sisitemu yo gucunga bateri mu myaka yashize kandi bigenda byitabwaho.

Ibyuma byumwotsi biratandukanye kandi birashobora gushyirwa mubwoko butatu bwingenzi hashingiwe kumahame yabyo yo gutahura: sens Ibyuma bifata umwotsi ukoresha ibintu bya fiziki ya chimique, nka sensor ya semiconductor umwotsi hamwe na sensor yumuriro; Sens Ibyuma byumwotsi ukoresha ibintu bifatika, nkibikoresho byerekana ubushyuhe bwumuriro, ibyuma byangiza umwotsi, hamwe na sensor ya infragre; Sens Ibyuma byumwotsi ukoresha ibikoresho byamashanyarazi, nkubu - ubwoko bwimyotsi yumwotsi nimbaraga za electromotive - ibyuma bya gaze. Kuberako ibyuma byumwotsi bitandukanye, ibyuma byumwotsi wa semiconductor ntibishobora kumenya imyuka yose. Kubwibyo, ubwoko bwihariye bwatoranijwe kugirango umenye ubwoko bumwe cyangwa bubiri bwumwotsi. Kurugero, ibyuma bikoresha umwotsi wa oxyde ikoreshwa cyane mugutahura umwotsi wa hydrocarubone, harimo O₂, H₂S, CO, H₂, O₃H₂O, Cl₂, OH, CO₂, nibindi.

Iyo ibyuma byumwotsi bikoreshwa muri bateri yumuriro, guhitamo sensor bisaba kumva imiterere yumwotsi ukorwa no gutwikwa na batiri. Mubisanzwe, gutwika bateri bitanga umubare munini wa CO na CO2, kubwibyo rero sensor zumva iyi myuka yombi igomba guhitamo. Imiterere ya sensor ikeneye guhuzwa nuburyo bwo kunyeganyega igihe kirekire - ikoreshwa ryikinyabiziga kugirango wirinde gukurura ibinyoma kubera ivumbi ryumuhanda no kunyeganyega.

Igikoresho cyo gutabaza umwotsi muri sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu za batiri kigomba gushyirwa kuri kanseri ya shoferi. Iyo yakiriye ibimenyetso byo gutabaza, igomba guhita itanga impuruza yumvikana kandi igaragara hamwe n’ahantu haherereye, byemeza ko umushoferi ashobora guhita amenya kandi akakira ibimenyetso byo gutabaza.

Kurugero, sisitemu yo gutumura umwotsi ikoreshwa muri bisi yamashanyarazi ya olempike, yakozwe cyane cyane n’ikigo cy’ikoranabuhanga cya Beijing, ikoresha sisitemu ya batiri ikoreshwa na bateri ya 9V alkaline cyangwa karubone - zinc, bigatuma amasaha 24 akora bisanzwe. Ikimenyetso cyo gutabaza gikoreshwa n’imodoka ya 24V itanga amashanyarazi, gitangwa ukwe kugirango ubwigenge bwa sisitemu yo gutabaza. Impuruza zikwirakwizwa zerekana umwotsi mwinshi binyuze mumatwi yimbere. Iyo umwotsi wumwotsi uri munsi yumupaka, umugenzuzi wimbere wimpuruza ashyiraho ibyasohotse kugirango afungure uruziga; iyo umwotsi wumwotsi urenze imipaka, umugenzuzi wimbere ashyiraho ibyasohotse kumurongo muto, bigahita bishushanya amashanyarazi +24 V kumurongo werekana kugirango habeho uruziga rwo gutabaza hamwe na -24V itanga amashanyarazi kumurongo werekana, rusohora ibimenyetso byumvikana kandi bigaragara. Imiterere ya sisitemu irerekanwa mu gishushanyo cya 8-11.