Niki Gigawatt - Amasaha?

Gigawatt - isaha (GWh) nigice cyingufu zipima miliyari imwe watt -, bihwanye na kilowatt miliyoni imwe -. Igereranya ingufu zose zamashanyarazi zakozwe, zabitswe, cyangwa zikoreshwa mugihe na sisitemu ikorera kuri gigawatt - urwego rwimbaraga.

Igice gitandukanye na mugenzi wacyo, gigawatt (GW), gipima imbaraga ako kanya kuruta ingufu mugihe. Tekereza imbaraga nkuko amazi atemba ava kuri robine {{1} rate umuvuduko wikigereranyo ugereranya gigawatt, mugihe amazi yose yakusanyirijwe mumasaha agereranya amasaha ya gigawatt -. Kugirango ubone ingufu muri GWh, ugwiza imbaraga muri GW numubare wamasaha yo gukora.

Gigawatt - amasaha yabaye igipimo gisanzwe cyo gupima nini - umusaruro mwinshi nububiko. Amashanyarazi, ibikoresho byo gukora bateri, hamwe nu mashanyarazi yigihugu yose akoresha GWh kugirango agereranye ingufu n’umusaruro.

Igice cyamenyekanye cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwingufu zishobora kongera ingufu n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi. Mu 2024, isi yose yongeyeho ububiko bwa sitasiyo yageze ku masaha 136 gigawatt -, bivuze ko yiyongereyeho 40% kuva mu 2023. Uku kwiyongera kwerekana kwaguka kwinshi kwa sisitemu yo kubika ingufu za batiri zikenewe kugira ngo habeho guhuza ibisekuru bigenda byiyongera.

Kubireba, gigawatt imwe - isaha igereranya hafi yo gukoresha amashanyarazi yumwaka ingo 220 zabafaransa, zishingiye kumikoreshereze isanzwe ya kilowatt 4.500 - kumurugo. Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, aho impuzandengo yo murugo ikoreshwa hejuru ya 10,000 kWh buri mwaka, GWh imwe ishobora gukoresha amazu 100 mumwaka.

Gigawatt-Hours

Ihinduka riva mubushobozi bwingufu ziva mumashanyarazi rikurikira formulaire itaziguye. Niba urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rufite ubushobozi bwa megawatt 10 (MW) kandi rukora ubudahwema, rutanga megawatt 10 - amasaha (MWh) buri saha. Mugihe cyumwaka wose wamasaha 8.760, ibi bitanga MW 87,600, cyangwa 87,6 GWh buri mwaka.

Iharurwa riba ryinshi mugihe ubara ibintu byubushobozi - ijanisha ryigihe ikigo gikora mubushobozi bwuzuye. Imirasire y'izuba irashobora kugera kuri 20-25% yubushobozi bitewe nijoro n’ikirere, mu gihe inganda za kirimbuzi zirenga 90%.

Imirasire y'izuba 1 GW ifite ubushobozi bwa 25% yatanga hafi GWh 2,190 ku mwaka (1 GW × 8.760 amasaha × 0.25). Ibinyuranye, uruganda rwa kirimbuzi 1 GW rufite 90% rutanga hafi 7,884 GWh buri mwaka. Iri tandukaniro risobanura impamvu ubushobozi bwashyizweho bwonyine butavuga amateka yuzuye yumusaruro w'ingufu.

Sisitemu yo kubika bateri yishingikiriza cyane kuri gigawatt - gupima amasaha, cyane cyane nkabateri ya lithiumkuganza ingufu zo kubika ingufu. Mu 2024, bateri ikenewe ku isi yarenze terawatt - isaha yambere, itwarwa ahanini n’ibikorwa by’amashanyarazi.

Igipimo cyo gukora

Mu 2024, uruganda rwa gigafactory rwakoze 867.8 GWh ya selile ya lithium - ion ya batiri ya moteri y’amashanyarazi, ibyo bikaba byiyongereyeho 21.2% mu 2023.

Ubushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro bukomeje kwaguka vuba. Litiyumu yo muri Amerika ya Ruguru - umusaruro wa selile ya batiri biteganijwe ko uzarenza amasaha 1200 gigawatt - buri mwaka bitarenze 2030, byikubye kane kuva ku rwego rwa 2023. Iterambere ryikura ryerekana intego zogukora amashanyarazi hamwe nimbaraga za leta ziteza imbere uruganda rukora batiri.

Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi

Ububiko bwa batiri yimashanyarazi isanzwe ibika 50 - 100 kilowatt - amasaha yingufu. Ibi bivuze ko gigawatt imwe - isaha ifite selile ya batiri irashobora gutanga ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigera ku 10,000 kugeza 20.000, bitewe nubunini bwa bateri. Biteganijwe ko ingufu za batiri ku isi zizikuba kane kugeza amasaha 4.100 ya gigawatt-2030 mu gihe imodoka z’amashanyarazi zikomeje kwiyongera.

Isano iri hagati ya batiri ya lithium - ion na gigawatt - gupima amasaha byabaye ntaho bitandukaniye muguhindura ingufu. Litiyumu - ibiciro bya batiri ya ion yagabanutse munsi y $ 100 kuri kilowatt - mu 2024, irenga igipimo gikomeye cyo guhangana n’ibiciro hamwe n’imodoka zisanzwe. Batteri ihendutse ituma ibikorwa binini bipimwa mu masaha ya gigawatt -, bigakora uruziga rukomeza rw'ubunini kandi buhendutse.

Imiyoboro - Ububiko bunini

Akamaro - igipimo cya bateri igenda ikora kuri gigawatt - umunzani. Iterambere ryumushinga wo kubika ingufu riterwa ningirakamaro - igice cyapimwe, hamwe na manda hamwe na cyamunara igamije gutwara imishinga ya gigawatt - kumasoko nko mubushinwa, Arabiya Sawudite, Afrika yepfo, Ositaraliya, na Chili.

Sisitemu enye - amasaha yo kubika ingufu yiganje muri iki gihe, ihujwe nubushobozi bwa 1 GW, itanga 4 GWh yo kubika ingufu. Mugihe ibisabwa byigihe bigera kumasaha 6, 8, cyangwa 10 kubisabwa nko guhinduranya ibihe hamwe na - kumunsi winyuma, imishinga kugiti cye isanzwe irenga 5-10 GWh.

Amashanyarazi akora andi masoko akomeye ya porogaramu ya gigawatt - gupima amasaha.

Ingufu zisubirwamo

Ubushobozi bw’ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa ku isi bwageze kuri gigawatt 4.448 mu mpera za 2024, bwiyongera ku 15.1% umwaka - hejuru ya - umwaka. Guhindura ubwo bushobozi bwashyizwe mubikorwa byingufu zumwaka bisaba kubara kubintu byubushobozi. Imirima yumuyaga mubisanzwe itanga 2000-3000 GWh kuri gigawatt yashyizweho buri mwaka, mugihe izuba ryatanga 1.500-2,500 GWh kuri GW bitewe nahantu hamwe nikoranabuhanga.

Muri rusange Ubufaransa bwatanze amashanyarazi muri 2021 yose hamwe ni 522.9 terawatt -, ahwanye na 522.900 gigawatt -. Kugereranya, igihugu cyose cya Togo gitanga amashanyarazi agera kuri 90 GWh ku mwaka, byerekana itandukaniro rinini riri hagati y’ingufu zateye imbere n’iterambere.

Ibimera n’ibimera bya kirimbuzi

Amashanyarazi asanzwe atanga ibisekuru byibanze bipimwa mumasaha ibihumbi ya gigawatt - buri mwaka. Uruganda rusanzwe rwamakara rutanga hafi GWh 700 ku mwaka, mugihe gazi isanzwe ihujwe - ibikoresho byizunguruka bitanga hafi 500 GWh buri mwaka. Iyi mibare ifata ubushobozi buke nkuko ibi bimera bigenda bitanga umutwaro - inshingano zikurikira aho gukomeza ibikorwa byibanze.

Mu 2023, Amerika yatanze amasaha agera kuri miliyari 4.178 kilowatt - avuye mu mashanyarazi - amashanyarazi, ahwanye na miliyoni 4.18 gigawatt - cyangwa amasaha 4.18 terawatt -. Iki gipimo kinini cyerekana impamvu amasaha ya terawatt - aba nkenerwa kugirango ibaruramari ryigihugu -.

Gigawatt-Hours

Gusobanukirwa gigawatt - amasaha bisaba kubishyira muburyo bwagutse bwibice byingufu.

Igipimo cy'ingufu

Watt - isaha (Wh): Igice shingiro; bateri ya terefone ifite 10-20 Wh

Kilowatt - isaha (kWh): 1.000 Wh; bisanzwe murugo murugo

Megawatt - isaha (MWh): 1.000 kWt; inyubako ntoya yubucuruzi ikoreshwa buri kwezi

Gigawatt - isaha (GWh): Miliyoni 1 kWt; ibikoresho binini bikoreshwa buri mwaka

Terawatt - isaha (TWh): Miliyari 1 kWt; uturere cyangwa igihugu gito umusaruro wumwaka

Gigawatt imwe - isaha yerekana imbaraga nyinshi. GWh imwe ishobora gukoresha amazu agera kuri miliyoni 1.1 kumasaha imwe, cyangwa gutwara imodoka yamashanyarazi kubirometero miliyoni 3. Kugereranya bifasha kwerekana igipimo kigira uruhare muri gigawatt - sisitemu yingufu.

Isano yingufu zingufu zikurikiza uburyo busa. Gigawatt imwe ihwanye na megawatt 1.000 cyangwa kilowati miliyoni. Gigawatt yingufu ikomeza isaha imwe itanga gigawatt imwe - isaha yingufu.

Imishinga n'ibikoresho byihariye byerekana gigawatt umunzani - umunzani.

Ibikoresho bigaragara

Nevada Gigafactory ya Tesla itanga bateri zifite ingufu zingana na 35 GWh buri mwaka. Ubu bushobozi bwo kubyaza umusaruro bushyigikira ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigera ku 350.000 kugeza 700.000 kumwaka, bitewe nubunini bwa batiri kuri buri kinyabiziga.

Urugomero rwa Hoover, kimwe mu bikoresho by’amashanyarazi muri Amerika, bitanga hafi miliyari 4 kilowatt - amasaha buri mwaka - ahwanye na 4000 GWh cyangwa 4 TWh. Ubushobozi bwacyo bwa 2 GW bukora hafi ya 23% yubushobozi kubera amazi yabuze.

Ingero zo gukoresha ingufu

Centre yamakuru ikoresha ingufu kuri gigawatt - umunzani. Ikigo kimwe cyamakuru mubufaransa gishobora gukoresha amashanyarazi agera kuri 25 GWh buri mwaka. Mugihe ubwenge bwubukorikori hamwe na comptabilite bigenda byiyongera, ingufu zamakuru zikenera ingufu zikomeje kwiyongera, hamwe noguteganya gukoresha ibicuruzwa bigera kuri magana ya gigawatt - mumasaha yibigo byikoranabuhanga.

Ihinduka ry’amanywa yo mu Bufaransa mu 2009 ryazigamye hafi 440 GWh y’ingufu zamurika buri mwaka, bihwanye n’ikoreshwa rikenewe mu gucana ingo 800.000. Ibi birerekana uburyo impinduka za politiki zishobora kugira ingaruka kumikoreshereze yingufu za gigawatt -.

Igipimo cya gigawatt - isaha igenda yiganje mu biganiro byingufu nkuko sisitemu igenda hejuru.

Kwiyongera kw'isoko

BloombergNEF yateganije ko ibikoresho byo kubika ingufu ku isi bizagera kuri gigawatt 358 / gigawatt 1,028 - mu mpera za 2030, bisaba ishoramari rirenga miliyari 262. Hagati ya 2021 na 2030, hiyongereyeho 345 GW / 999 GWh y’ubushobozi bushya izongerwa ku isi - kurusha ubushobozi bw’Ubuyapani butanga amashanyarazi muri 2020.

Amerika n'Ubushinwa biziganza kohereza. Kugeza mu Gushyingo 2024, Amerika yongeyeho 9.2 GW ya litiro nshya - ubushobozi bwo kubika batiri, hamwe n’iterambere ryagereranijwe riteganijwe mu mwaka -. Leta - manda yo murwego hamwe namasoko yingirakamaro ituma uku kwaguka, cyane cyane muri Californiya, Texas, hamwe n'umukandara mugari wa Batteri kuva i Michigan kugera Alabama.

Ubwihindurize

Ubushobozi bwo gukora bateri kwisi bwageze kuri terawatt 3 - mumasaha 2024, hamwe nibiteganijwe ko byikuba gatatu mumyaka itanu iri imbere niba imishinga yose yatangajwe ikomeje. Ibi byerekana igipimo kitigeze kibaho - hejuru ya lithium - ibikorwa remezo byo gukora batiri.

Ubushinwa butanga ibicuruzwa birenga bitatu - bya bateri bigurishwa kwisi yose. Impuzandengo y'ibiciro bya batiri mu Bushinwa yagabanutse hafi 30% muri 2024, byihuse kuruta ahandi ku isi. Ubu buyobozi bwibiciro, buterwa nubunini bwinganda noguhuza amasoko, bihindura abaproducer b'Abashinwa kugirango bakomeze kuganza gigawatt -.

Ikiguzi

Lithium zombi - ipaki ya batiri hamwe nigiciro cya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu byagabanutse mu 2024 kuko iterambere ryihuse mu gukora batiri ryarenze icyifuzo. Ubushobozi burenze urugero bwateje umuvuduko wo kugabanura ibiciro byingirakamaro kububiko buhagaze hamwe namasoko yimodoka yamashanyarazi, nubwo byamaganaga inyungu zabakora.

Inzira igana kububiko buhendutse bupimye mumadolari kuri kilowatt - isaha ituma ibikorwa byoherejwe byapimwe mumasaha ya gigawatt -. Mugihe ibiciro bigabanuka, ingano yubukungu ifite akamaro kiyongera kuva - imibare gigawatt - amasaha kugeza kuri mirongo cyangwa amagana ya gigawatt - kumasaha yingirakamaro.

Ibintu byinshi bya tekinike bigira ingaruka kuburyo gigawatt - amasaha ahindura imikorere ya sisitemu yingufu.

Uruziga - Urugendo rwiza

Sisitemu yo kubika bateri ntabwo itanga 100% yingufu zabitswe kubera igihombo cyo guhinduka. Litiyumu - bateri ion zigera kuri 85 - 95% kuzenguruka - gukora neza. Batare 10 GWh yishyuwe rwose irashobora gutanga 9 GWh gusa yumuriro wamashanyarazi, hamwe na 1 GWh isigaye yatakaye nkubushyuhe mugihe cyizuba.

Iyi mikorere ikora neza mugihe ubara sisitemu yubukungu ninyungu zibidukikije. Gukora neza bisobanura ibisekuru byibanze bikenewe kugirango bitange ingufu zituruka ku ntego, bigira ingaruka ku biciro ndetse n’ibyuka bihumanya.

Ikiringo nubushobozi

Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu isaba kwerekana imbaraga zombi (GW) ningufu (GWh). Sisitemu ya 1 GW / 4 GWh irashobora gusohora ingufu zose mumasaha ane, mugihe sisitemu ya 1 GW / 8 GWh igera kumasaha umunani kurwego rumwe.

Igihe gisabwa kiratandukanye kubisabwa. Kugenzura inshuro bikenera amasegonda kumunota, ubukemurampaka busaba amasaha 2 - 4, naho guhinduranya ibihe bisaba amasaha amagana. Izi mikoreshereze itandukanye itwara gigawatt-isaha itandukanye.

Gutesha agaciro Igihe

Litiyumu - bateri ya ion itesha agaciro gusiganwa ku magare no gusaza kwa kalendari, bigabanya imbaraga ziboneka mubuzima bwabo bukora. Sisitemu yagaragaye kuri 100 GWh mugihe gishya gishobora gutanga 80 GWh gusa nyuma yimyaka 10 ikora, bitewe nuburyo bukoreshwa na chimie.

Ibisobanuro bya garanti mubisanzwe byemeza 60 - 80% ubushobozi busigaye nyuma yimyaka 10-15, bivuze ko kugabanuka kwa gigawatt-amasaha kugabanuka mubuzima bwa sisitemu. Uku gutesha agaciro bisaba kugenzurwa kwambere cyangwa kwiyongera mugihe kugirango ingufu zigerweho.

Intego za Gigawatt - zigenda zigaragara cyane murwego rwa politiki yingufu kwisi yose.

Manda yo kubika

Californiya, New York, Massachusetts, nizindi nkiko zashyizeho manda nyinshi - gigawatt - manda yo kugura amasaha. Intego ya Californiya irenga 50 GWh mu 2026, mu gihe New York ifite intego ya 6 GWh muri 2030. Izi politiki zituma ibyifuzo byiyongera ku isoko ryiyongera.

Ubushinwa bugamije kwishyiriraho gigawatt 30 muri 2025, hamwe n’amategeko akomeye yo kwishyira hamwe yongerera ububiko buteganijwe. Izi guverinoma - zashyizweho zishyiraho ingano ntoya ku isoko rya gigawatt - amasaha yoherejwe.

Inzego zishishikaza

Itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga ryo mu 2022 ritanga uburyo bukomeye bwo kubika ingufu, harimo inguzanyo z’imisoro n’inguzanyo, bigatuma kwaguka muri Amerika. Izi nkunga zamafaranga zigabanya igiciro cyumushinga, bigatuma ubukungu bushobora koherezwa mubipimo binini bya gigawatt - kurenza imbaraga zamasoko yonyine yabishyigikira.

Inguzanyo yimisoro, guta agaciro byihuse, hamwe nogushigikira umusaruro byose bigira ingaruka kumikoro ya gigawatt - amasaha yingufu zinganda. Politiki ihamye ikomeje kuba ingirakamaro - gushidikanya ku gukomeza gushimangira bitera gushidikanya nubwo ubukungu bwifashe neza.

Gigawatt-Hours

Isaha imwe ya gigawatt - irashobora guha ingufu amazu agera kuri 100 - 110 yo muri Amerika kumwaka umwe, ukurikije impuzandengo yumwaka wa kilowatt 10,000 - kumurugo. Umubare nyawo uratandukanye ukurikije uturere, ibihe, nibiranga urugo. Mu bihugu bifite munsi ya - umuturage akoresha, GWh imwe ikorera ingo nyinshi-mu Bufaransa, yakwirakwiza amazu agera kuri 220 buri mwaka.

Gigawatts ipima imbaraga - umuvuduko mukanya w'ingufu zitemba - mugihe gigawatt - amasaha apima ingufu zose zitangwa mugihe. Uruganda 1 GW rukora isaha imwe rutanga 1 GWh yingufu. Gukora amasaha 10 kurwego rumwe bitanga ingufu 10 GWh. Tekereza imbaraga nkumuvuduko nimbaraga nkuko intera yagenze: umuvuduko wihuse (hejuru ya GW) urenga intera ndende (GWh nyinshi) mugihe kimwe.

Ubushobozi bwo kubika bateri bufitanye isano itaziguye na gigawatt - amasaha ukoresheje igipimo cyingufu. Imbaraga za sisitemu ya bateri, yapimwe muri GWh, igena igihe ishobora gusohora kurwego runaka. Sisitemu ya 2 GW / 10 GWh irashobora gusohora imbaraga zose mumasaha 5. Litiyumu - ion bateri yiganje kuri iri soko, hamwe nibikoresho bisanzwe - byapimwe bipima kuva kuri 1-50 GWh bitewe nibisabwa nibisabwa.

Ingufu zisubirwamo zitandukana bitewe nikirere nigihe cyumunsi, bigatera kudahuza umusaruro nibisabwa. Gigawatt - isaha yububiko bwingufu zikemura ibyo bihindagurika mukubika ibisigisigi bisubirwamo kugirango bikoreshwe nyuma. Mugihe ubushobozi busubirwamo bupimye muri gigawatts bwaguka, ububiko bwa gigawatt - ububiko bwamasaha biba ngombwa kugirango urusheho kwizerwa. Ibipimo bigereranya ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zakozwe hamwe nububiko bukenewe kugirango tuyitange mugihe bikenewe.

Isano iri hagati yo gupima GWh na lithium - bateri ya ion irenze ibirenze kubara. Izi bateri zituma ububiko bufatika bwa gigawatt - ingano yingufu zamasaha ku giciro cyo gupiganwa, bigakora umusingi wikoranabuhanga muguhindura ingufu zishobora kubaho. Nta kiguzi - Lithium ikora neza - ububiko bwa batiri yapimwe mu masaha ya gigawatt -, guhuza ibishobora kuvugururwa ku gipimo byahura n’inzitizi zikomeye za tekiniki n’ubukungu. Igice hamwe nikoranabuhanga byahindutse hamwe, buri kimwe gifasha undi kwaguka mubikorwa remezo byingufu.