Imbaraga zihariye ni iki?

Imbaraga zihariye zipima imbaraga igikoresho gitanga kuri buri gice cya misa, ubarwa mugabanye ingufu zose (muri watts) kubwinshi (mubiro). Ba injeniyeri bakoresha iyi metero kugirango bagereranye imikorere mumasoko atandukanye yingufu, cyane cyane iyo uburemere bwibikorwa bya sisitemu muri rusange.

Inzira iroroshye: Imbaraga zihariye (W / kg)=Ibisohoka Imbaraga (W) ÷ Mass (kg). Igikoresho gitanga watt 500 mugihe ipima ibiro 2 gifite imbaraga zihariye za 250 W / kg. Uyu mubare umwe uhishura byinshi kubyerekeranye nukuri - imikorere yisi kuruta ingufu zonyine.

Batteri ebyiri zishobora gutanga watts 1000, ariko akamaro kazo karatandukanye cyane ukurikije uburemere. Bateri yoroheje itanga imbaraga zihariye, ituma porogaramu aho imbogamizi zitegeka guhitamo igishushanyo.

Abashinzwe indege bashira imbere imbaraga zihariye kuko buri kilo kigira ingaruka kumikoreshereze ya lisansi nubushobozi bwo kwishyura. Sisitemu ya bateri ifite ingufu za 300 W / kg zituma indege zamashanyarazi zitwara abagenzi benshi cyangwa kwagura indege ugereranije na 150 W / kg ubundi muburemere bumwe.

Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bihura nubucuruzi busa - off. Imbaraga zidasanzwe zisobanura kwihuta byihuse utongeyeho ubwinshi bwimodoka. Litiyumu igezweho ya batiri - ion yerekana imbaraga zihariye zirenga 3500 W / kg mugihe gisanzwe cyo gusohora, bigatuma imikorere irwanya moteri yaka.

Ibipimo biba ingirakamaro mugihe ugereranije tekinoloji zitandukanye. Turbine igera ku mibare idasanzwe yingufu kuko ikora ku muvuduko mwinshi cyane. Moteri nyamukuru ya Space Shuttle yakoresheje turbopumps ipima hafi kg 320 yabyaye hafi 70.000 hp kumbaraga - kugeza kuri - uburemere bwa 164 kWt / kg.

Specific Power

Tekinoroji ya Batiri yerekana uburyo imbaraga zihariye zigira ingaruka zifatika. Kugira ngo twumve impamvu ibi bipimo bifite akamaro ko kubika ingufu, dukeneye kubanza kubisobanurani bateri ya lithium ion.

Ubushobozi bwihariye bwimbaraga bugena uburyo bateri zishobora gutanga ingufu zabitswe vuba. Litiyumu - ion ya batiri ipima kg 1 hamwe na 300 W / kg imbaraga zihariye zishobora gukomeza watt 300 zisohoka. Porogaramu isaba amashanyarazi yihuta ikenera bateri zifite ingufu zidasanzwe, nubwo bivuze kwemera kubika ingufu zose.

Lithium itandukanye - chemisties itanga imbaraga zitandukanye ziranga imbaraga. Batteri ya Litiyumu ya fosifate (LFP) ishyira imbere umutekano no kuramba kuruta imbaraga zidasanzwe. Nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) ihindura uburinganire bwingufu nogutanga amashanyarazi. Iterambere rya vuba muri sisitemu ya silicon anode igera ku gipimo cyo gusohora cya 10C mugihe ikomeza ingufu za 400 Wh / kg, zitanga imikorere igera kuri 200% ugereranije na selile gakondo ya grafite.

Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku mbaraga zihariye. Ubushyuhe bwa Batteri bugira ingaruka kubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hasi bugabanya ingufu zihari, kandi ingufu zose zitangwa mugihe cyumuzingi umwe ziratandukanye bitewe nubushyuhe hamwe nibisabwa ingufu. Ubukonje bukonje busaba sisitemu yo gucunga bateri ishobora mbere {{2} cells selile zishyushye kugirango zigumane intego yihariye yingufu.

Ibipimo byombi bipima muburyo butandukanye ibiranga bateri. Ingufu zihariye (Wh / kg) zerekana imbaraga zose zo kubika ingufu kuri buri gice, mugihe imbaraga zihariye (W / kg) zerekana umuvuduko wogutanga amashanyarazi ako kanya.

Tekereza ingufu zihariye nkubunini bwikigega cyamazi nimbaraga zihariye nka diameter yumuyoboro usohoka. Batare irashobora kubika gusa amafaranga ahagije kugirango itange itara kumunota umwe mugihe utanga amperes 100 nibikenewe, cyangwa kubika ingufu zihagije zo guha itara rimwe kumasaha mugihe utanga ampere 1 gusa.

Lithium y'ubu - ion ikoranabuhanga ryibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigeze ku gaciro k’ingufu zingana na 250 Wh / kg hamwe n’ubucucike bwa 400 W / L. Iyi mibare yerekana imikorere itandukanye idakunze guhinduka icyarimwe. Abashushanya bateri bayobora ubucuruzi - hagati yabyo bombi basabwa ibisabwa.

Porogaramu yo kwiruka ishyigikira imbaraga zidasanzwe zo kwihuta. Urugendo rurerure - urwego rwo gutwara rushyira imbere ingufu zihariye zo gukora. Batteri ya Litiyumu polymer irashobora gutanga amashanyarazi menshi hamwe nigabanuka rya voltage ntoya, mugihe bateri ya lithium - ion ikora muburyo butagikora neza ariko ikabika amafaranga make kubunini.

Isano iri hagati yikigereranyo cyo gusohora hamwe na metero zombi zitera izindi ngorabahizi. Igipimo kinini cyo gusohora (gutanga amashanyarazi byihuse) mubisanzwe bigabanya ingufu zidasanzwe kuko kurwanya imbere bitera imbaraga za voltage. Ubwinshi bwingufu bwikubye C - igipimo gitanga ingufu zingana, hamwe na C - igipimo cyo hasi gitanga ingufu nyinshi ariko ingufu nke.

Ba injeniyeri babara imbaraga zidasanzwe bitewe na sisitemu isesengurwa. Kuri moteri, kubara bikoresha ingufu zamashanyarazi zigabanijwe na moteri ya moteri. Ku binyabiziga byuzuye, ibinyabiziga byose bisimbuza moteri ya moteri.

Moteri ya V8 ya mazutu itanga ingufu za kilo 250 mugihe ipima kg 380 irerekana: 250.000 W ÷ 380 kg=658 W / kg imbaraga zihariye.

Sisitemu ya bateri isaba gusuzuma neza icyo misa igomba gushiramo. Akagari - kubara gusa bitanga ibitekerezo ntarengwa. Sisitemu - kubara urwego rurimo imicungire ya bateri ya elegitoroniki, sisitemu yo gukonjesha, hamwe ninzu zo gukingira zitanga agaciro gake ariko keza.

Impinga nimbaraga zihamye imbaraga nazo zifite akamaro. Batteri yateye imbere igera ku mbaraga ntarengwa zirenga 4400 W / kg ku bujyakuzimu - yo gusohora -, ifite ubushobozi buhoraho bwa 3000 W / kg ku bujyakuzimu bwa 30% - ya -. Ababikora bakunze kuvuga indangagaciro, ariko imikorere ihamye igena - ikoreshwa ryisi.

Abanyamagare babigize umwuga bakoresha imbaraga zipima imbaraga kugirango bapime imikorere. Umukinnyi wamagare atanga watt 400 mugihe apima kg 80 atanga 5 W / kg. Abatwara amagare ya Elite barashobora gukomeza 6-7 W / kg kugirango bazamuke.

Inzego zinyuranye zishyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho byihariye bishingiye kubikorwa bisabwa. Indege zikoresha amashanyarazi zisaba imbaraga zidasanzwe - kugeza kuri - ibipimo byibiro kuko indege irwanya uburemere. Ukuboza 2024, abahanga mu Bushinwa berekanye ingufu za litiro 400 ya litiro ya litiro 400 ya Wh / kg muri drone ikingira -, igera ku nshuro eshatu - isaha yo kuguruka mu bushyuhe kuva kuri dogere 40 kugeza kuri dogere 60.

Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bishyira imbere imikorere iringaniye. Imodoka zitwara abagenzi zikeneye imbaraga zihagije zo guhuza umuhanda no kuzamuka imisozi nta misa ikabije igabanya imikorere. Litiyumu - bateri za ion mu binyabiziga bitanga amashanyarazi zitanga ingufu nyinshi - kugeza - igipimo cy’ibiro, ingufu nyinshi, imikorere myiza -, kandi ikongerera igihe.

Ibyuma bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa byihanganira imbaraga zidasanzwe kuko imbogamizi nini ntizikabije kuruta ubwikorezi. Batare ya terefone irashobora gutanga 150-200 W / kg, ihagije kubisabwa ibikoresho bitarinze guhitamo ingufu nyinshi.

Ibikoresho by'ingufu byerekana hagati. Imyitozo ya Cordless ikenera imbaraga zidasanzwe zo gucukura hifashishijwe ibikoresho byinshi ariko ikora rimwe na rimwe, bigatuma bateri igaruka hagati ya - amashanyarazi yaturika. Izi porogaramu akenshi zikoresha chemisties ya batiri yongerewe imbaraga kububiko bwingufu.

Imiyoboro - ububiko bwingufu bukora butandukanye nibikorwa byo gutwara abantu. Lithium ihagaze - sisitemu ya bateri ikoresha NMC na LFP chemistries yibanda kubiciro kuri kilowatt - isaha yabitswe aho kuba imbaraga zihariye, kubera ko uburemere bwubushakashatsi bugira ingaruka nke mubikorwa.

Specific Power

Gutezimbere imbaraga zihariye utabangamiye ibindi biranga bateri bikomeje kuba ikibazo nyamukuru mumashanyarazi. Amashanyarazi ya litiro yibanze ya fosifate muri iki gihe atanga ingufu zingana na 200 Wh / kg, mugihe bateri ya lithium - ion iri hagati ya 200 na 300 Wh / kg.

Abashakashatsi bakurikira inzira nyinshi kugirango bongere imbaraga zihariye. Silicon anode irashobora guhuza ion nyinshi za lithium kuruta grafite isanzwe, birashobora kongera ingufu nubucucike bwimbaraga. Nyamara, silicon yaguka mugihe cyo kwishyuza, bigatera imihangayiko itesha ubuzima ubuzima.

Batteri ya lithium yipimishije yageze kuri gravimetric yingufu zingana na 711.3 Wh / kg hamwe nubucucike bwingufu za 1653.65 Wh / L ukoresheje lithium - ikungahaye kuri manganese - ishingiye kuri cathodes hamwe na anode ya lithium yoroheje. Ibi byagezweho muri laboratoire byerekana imipaka ntarengwa, nubwo ubucuruzi bushobora gukemura ibibazo byumutekano no gukora ibipimo.

Kurwanya imbere bigabanya cyane imbaraga zihariye. Imyitwarire yimiti hejuru ya electrode igenda ku kigero ntarengwa, kandi amashanyarazi ya electrolyte abuza ion kugenda. Kugabanya ibyo birwanya ukoresheje ibikoresho bigezweho hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwubaka selile biteza imbere amashanyarazi utongeyeho misa.

Sisitemu yo gucunga ubushyuhe yongeraho uburemere bugabanya sisitemu - urwego rwihariye. Batteri zitanga ingufu nyinshi zitera ubushyuhe bugomba kuvaho kugirango birinde kwangirika. Sisitemu yo gukonjesha igereranya hejuru idatanga umusanzu mu gusohora ingufu.

Amavuta ya lisansi afite umwanya ushimishije mumashanyarazi yihariye. Utugingo ngengabuzima twa selile na selile ntabwo bikubiyemo ingufu zo kubika ingufu cyangwa lisansi, bigatuma amashanyarazi ahoraho mugihe cyose lisansi na okiside ikomeza. Imbaraga zabo zibarwa zirimo gusa ibyuma bihindura ibyuma, ntabwo ari lisansi.

Moteri yo gutwika igera ku mbaraga zihariye zubahwa nubwo bigoye. Moteri ya lisansi igezweho igera kuri 1-2 kWt / kg, hamwe na moteri yo kwiruka isunika hejuru. Nyamara, sisitemu yuzuye yo gusunika harimo igitoro cya lisansi, umunaniro, hamwe no gukonjesha bigabanya imbaraga zihariye muri rusange.

Ultracapacitor irusha imbaraga imbaraga ariko ikadindiza ingufu zihariye. Imbaraga - kugeza kuri - igipimo cyuburemere bwa capacitori kirenze bateri kuko ubwikorezi bwamafaranga muri selile bukoresha electron ntoya aho kuba ion, nubwo ingufu - kugeza - igipimo cyibiro kiri hasi cyane. Porogaramu ikenera imbaraga ngufi, zikomeye ziturika zihuza ultracapacitor na bateri.

Kugereranya biba ibisobanuro gusa mubikorwa bisa. Imbaraga yihariye ya moteri yindege ntacyo itwaye kubushakashatsi bwimodoka. Ba injeniyeri bahitamo ikoranabuhanga rishingiye ku mbaraga zo hejuru, imbaraga zirambye, ingufu zose, cyangwa bimwe bihuza sisitemu ibisabwa.

Lithium ku isi - ion ya batiri isaba yatambutse terawatt 1 - ku mwaka mu mpera za 2024, ubushobozi bwo gukora bukaba bwikubye kabiri iyo mibare. Ingano yinganda ituma hakomeza gushora imari muri chimisties yateye imbere itera imipaka yihariye.

Bateri zikomeye - bateri za leta zerekana icyerekezo kimwe gitanga icyizere. Gusimbuza amazi ya electrolyte hamwe nuyobora bikomeye bishobora gutuma imbaraga zikora cyane hamwe na anithi ya lithium. Abashakashatsi bo mu Budage barimo gukora litiro - sulferi ikomeye - bateri za leta zigaragaza ingufu zingana na 600 Wh / kg zifite umutekano muke, nubwo ibipimo by’ingufu zitegereje kuranga byuzuye.

Sodium - bateri zitanga ubundi buryo. Mugihe imbaraga nimbaraga zidasanzwe biri inyuma ya lithium - ion, ubwinshi bwa sodium bushobora gutuma umubare munini - wohereza mubisabwa aho uburemere butari munsi yikiguzi.

Ubumenyi bwibikoresho butera imbere muri cathode birakomeza. Nickel {1} Buri shimi rya chimie rigira ingaruka zingana hagati yimbaraga, ingufu, umutekano, nigihe cyo kubaho.

Porogaramu yo gucunga bateri iragenda yishyura ibyuma bigarukira. Guhanura algorithms irashobora kubanza - umwanya wa lithium ion muri selile mbere yingufu nyinshi zisaba imbaraga, bikongerera imbaraga imbaraga zihari mugihe gikomeye kitarinze guhindura chimie yibanze.

Specific Power

Imbaraga zihariye zipima imbaraga kuri misa imwe (W / kg), mugihe ubucucike bwingufu bupima imbaraga kubunini bwa W (L / L cyangwa W / m³). Imbaraga zihariye zifite akamaro mugihe imbogamizi ziganje mubishushanyo, nkindege. Ubucucike bwingirakamaro mugihe imbogamizi ziganje, nkibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigendanwa bisaba ibintu bifatika.

Porogaramu zitandukanye zishyira imbere ibipimo bitandukanye. Ingufu zihariye zigena igihe bateri ikora mbere yo kwishyuza. Imbaraga zihariye zerekana uburyo ishobora gutanga vuba izo mbaraga zabitswe. Ikinyabiziga gikoresha amashanyarazi gikenera byombi: ingufu zihagije zurwego rwemewe nimbaraga zihagije zo kwihuta mumihanda.

Igipimo kinini cyo gusohora kigabanya imbaraga zihariye kuko kurwanya imbere bitera imbaraga za voltage kumanuka mwinshi. Batare yagenwe 300 W / kg kuri 1C isohoka irashobora gukomeza 250 W / kg kuri 3C isohoka. Ubushyuhe, imyaka, na leta ishinzwe biragira ingaruka kuri iyi mibanire.

Nibyo, binyuze muburyo bwinshi. Kugabanya kurwanya imbere imbere biteza imbere amashanyarazi nta mpinduka nini. Ibikoresho bigezweho bya electrode byorohereza ion kugenda byihuse. Optimized selile yubatswe igabanya ibice bidakora. Nyamara, buri buryo burimo ubucuruzi bwubuhanga - off ifite imbaraga, umutekano, cyangwa ikiguzi.

Imbaraga zihariye zigereranya isano yibanze hagati yimbaraga nimbaraga za sisitemu. Gusobanukirwa ibi bipimo bifasha abajenjeri n'abaguzi gusuzuma niba inkomoko y'amashanyarazi ikwiranye na porogaramu. Batteri izakomeza gusunika imipaka yihariye yingufu nkuko amashanyarazi atwara ibintu bisaba - yoroheje, sisitemu yo kubika ingufu nyinshi. Ibipimo bikora nk'inzira imwe dushobora kunyuramo dushobora gukurikirana iterambere ryerekeranye no kubika ingufu zihanganye cyangwa zirenze ubundi buryo busanzwe.