LiFePO4 ni iki?

LiFePO4 ni tekinoroji ya batiri yumuriro ukoresheje lithium fer fosifate nkibikoresho bya cathode. Iyi chimie itanga umutekano udasanzwe, ubuzima bwikirenga burenga 3.000, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro bateri ya litiro gakondo - ion idashobora guhura.

Imiterere yibanze ya bateri ya LiFePO4 igizwe nibice bitatu byibanze bikora mubwumvikane bwamashanyarazi. Cathode ikoresha lithium fer fosifate (LiFePO4), anode ikoresha karubone ya grafitike, hamwe na lithium ion ihinduranya hagati ya electrode ikoresheje membrane itandukanya.

Igituma iyi chimie ishimishije cyane ni icyuma cya fosifate ubwacyo. Guhuza imbaraga za covalent muri (PO4) ³⁻ polyanion bigabanya guhuza covalent guhuza ion, kugabanya ingufu za redox kugirango ugere kuri voltage nominal ya 3.2V kuri selile. Ibi bitandukanye na lithium cobalt oxyde selile kuri 3.7V cyangwa lithium nikel manganese cobalt oxyde iboneza.

Mugihe cyo kwishyuza, ioni ya lithium yimuka ikava muri cathode ya fer fosifate ikoresheje electrolyte kugirango yishire mumiterere ya grafite anode. Iyo usohoye bateri uhuza umutwaro, izo ion zisubiza icyerekezo, zisubira muri cathode mugihe electron zinyura mumuzinga wo hanze kugirango zitange ingufu. Ubwiza bwubu buryo buba muburyo butajegajega {{2} structure imiterere ya olivine kristal ya LiFePO4 ihura nijwi rito cyane mugihe cyimikorere ya ion, bigira uruhare runini kuramba.

Itandukaniro riri hagati ya LiFePO4 na litiro zisanzwe - ion zirenze ibirango bya chimie. Litiyumu isanzwe - ion zisanzwe zikoresha okiside ya cobalt (LiCoO₂), okiside ya manganese (LiMn₂O₄), cyangwa nikel - ibivanze nkibikoresho bya cathode. Ibi bitanga ingufu nyinshi - bivuze imbaraga nyinshi kuri kilo - ariko kubiciro.

LiFePO4 igurisha hafi 14% yubucucike bwingufu kugirango biranga umutekano mwiza. Imiterere ya fosifate yicyuma iguma ihagaze neza mubushyuhe aho cobalt - ingirabuzimafatizo zinjira mumashanyarazi. Mugihe bateri ya terefone ishobora guturika iyo yacumise cyangwa ikarenza urugero, selile LiFePO4 igumana ubunyangamugayo. Ntabwo byanze bikunze bidashoboka mubihe bisanzwe byo gutsindwa.

Ubuhanga bwa chimie kandi bukuraho ibintu byombi cobalt na nikel - ibintu bitera impungenge ibidukikije nibibazo bitangwa. Ibyuma na fosifeti ni byinshi mubutaka bwisi, bigatuma LiFePO4 ihenze cyane kubyara umusaruro. Ishami ry’ingufu mu mwaka wa 2020 ryerekanye ko bateri ya LiFePO4 igura hafi 6% munsi ya kilowatt - ugereranije n’ubundi buryo bwa NMC, hamwe n’ikinyuranyo kigenda cyiyongera uko inganda ziyongera.

Isoko rya batiri LiFePO4 ku isi ryageze kuri miliyari 17.2 z'amadolari mu 2024 bikaba biteganijwe ko riziyongera ku gipimo cya 15.7% ku mwaka ku mwaka wa 2034, rikagera kuri miliyari 73.68. Ntabwo ari ugukura gukabije - byerekana impinduka zifatika muburyo inganda zitekereza kubika ingufu.

Tesla yahinduye ibikoresho byayo - igipimo cya LiFePO4 mu 2021. Ubu isosiyete ikoresha chimiya ya LFP mu modoka zose zisanzwe - zo mu bwoko bwa Model 3 na Model Y zakozwe nyuma yUkwakira 2021. BYD, uruganda rwa kabiri - rukora ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi, na rwo rwiyemeje gukora chimie. Hamwe na hamwe, ayo masosiyete yombi yohereje 68% ya bateri zose za LFP ku isoko rya EV guhera muri Nzeri 2022, ubwo LFP yatwaraga 31% y’isoko ry’imodoka zose zikoresha amashanyarazi.

Muri iki gihe inganda z’Abashinwa ziganje mu bicuruzwa, zigenzura hafi 90% y’ubushobozi bwo gukora LFP ku isi. Uku kwibandaho guturuka ku kurinda ipatanti hakiri kare byagabanije iterambere ry’iburengerazuba, nubwo patenti z’ingenzi zatangiye kurangira mu 2022. Ford yatangaje ko ifite gahunda yo gushora miliyari 3.5 z'amadolari mu ruganda rwa Michigan rukora bateri ya LFP ku murongo w’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi - ikimenyetso cyerekana ko abakora iburengerazuba bemera agaciro ka chimie.

Urwego rwo kubika ingufu ruhagaze rwerekana uburyo butangaje. Ibigo nka Enphase byateje imbere sisitemu yo guturamo ya LFP kandi birenga Tesla na LG nkibyavuzwe - byavuzwe mu bubiko bw’ingufu zo mu rugo muri Amerika mu 2021. Imiti ya chimie ihuza umutekano, kuramba, hamwe n’igiciro - ikora neza ihuza neza na porogaramu aho bateri zishobora gukora mu myaka mirongo hamwe no kubungabunga bike.

LiFePO4

Batare nziza ya LiFePO4 itanga inzinguzingo zingana na 3.000 na 5.000 mugihe ikomeza 80% yubushobozi bwayo bwambere. Utugingo ngengabuzima tumeze nk'utwo muri EcoFlow DELTA Pro tugera ku ntera 6.500 mbere yo kugabanuka kugera kuri 50%. Gereranya ibi na lithium gakondo - bateri ion zunganira inzinguzingo 500 kugeza 1.000, cyangwa ikayobora bateri - acide acunga 300 kugeza 500.

Ibi bisobanurwa mubikorwa bifatika bitandukanye. Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu z'izuba ukoresheje bateri ya LiFePO4 irashobora gukora neza mumyaka 10 kugeza 15 hamwe nigare rya buri munsi. Porogaramu imwe hamwe na lithium isanzwe - ion irashobora gusaba gusimburwa nyuma yimyaka 3 kugeza 5, kandi sisitemu ya - acide ikenera serivisi mugihe cyimyaka 2.

Batteri igumana imbaraga zumuriro zidasubirwaho mugihe cyizunguruka. Bitandukanye na bateri ya - acide igabanuka cyane ya voltage uko igabanuka, selile LiFePO4 ifata neza hafi ya voltage yizina kugeza igihe 90% isohotse. Ibi biranga ibikoresho bihujwe byakira imbaraga zihamye nta voltage igenga ibibazo.

Kwihanganira ubushyuhe biva kuri - 4 dogere F (- 20 dogere) kugeza kuri dogere 140 F (dogere 60) kugirango ikore, nubwo kwishyurwa neza bibaho hagati ya dogere 32 F (0 dogere) na 113 dogere F (45 dogere). Litiyumu isanzwe - bateri zisanzwe zisaba dogere 32 F kugeza kuri dogere 113 F kugirango ikore neza. Uru rugendo rwagutse rutuma LiFePO4 ikwiranye nogukoresha mubihe bikabije byizuba-izuba mu turere tw’ubutayu cyangwa sisitemu yo kongera ingufu mu bihe bya sub-arctique.

Fosifate - ishingiye kuri cathode itanga ubushyuhe bwumuriro nubumashini bihindura muburyo bukomeye imbaraga z'umutekano wa bateri. Iyo bateri ya lithium cobalt oxyde ishyushye, ogisijeni irekura imiterere ya cathode, igaburira gutwikwa muri - ikomeza ibintu byo guhunga ubushyuhe. Imirongo ikomeye P - O O muri fosifate ya lithium fer irwanya uku kubora no mubushyuhe bwo hejuru.

Kwipimisha byerekana uku gushikama. Gutobora cyangwa kumenagura selile yuzuye ya LiFePO4 mubisanzwe bivamo imbere imbere - kuzenguruka no kubyara ubushyuhe ariko ntabwo ari umuriro cyangwa guturika. Ikizamini kimwe kuri lithium cobalt oxyde selile akenshi itera gutwikwa gukabije. Iyi ntera yumutekano ituma bateri ya LiFePO4 ikorera ahantu hafunze nka RV imbere, inzu yubwato, cyangwa igaraji yo guturamo idafite ibyuka bihumeka - nubwo umwuka wibanze ukomeza kuba mwiza kuri sisitemu iyo ari yo yose ya batiri.

Ubuhanga bwa chimie bwihanganira kwishyuza birenze ubundi buryo. Nubwo kurenza 3.6V kuri selile mugihe cyo kwishyuza bishobora gutera kwangirika buhoro buhoro, ntabwo bihita bitera ibihe bibi. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri rero irashobora gukoresha imiyoboro yoroshye yo kurinda ugereranije na cobalt - ishingiye kuri bateri isaba kugenzura neza.

Kwishyuza amafaranga bitera ikibazo gitandukanye. Kurekura selile LiFePO4 munsi ya 2.5V birashobora gutera gutandukana bidasubirwaho, guhindura LiFePO4 kuri FePO4 no kwangiza burundu selile. Sisitemu ya BMS igezweho irinda ibi guhagarika imizigo mbere yo kugera ku mbago zikomeye za voltage, ariko biracyakenewe ko ukoresha charger hamwe na sisitemu yo gucunga byabugenewe bya chimie ya LiFePO4 aho gukoresha lithium rusange - ibikoresho bya ion.

Ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi byerekana porogaramu igaragara ya LiFePO4. Chevrolet Spark EV ibaye imodoka yambere itanga umusaruro ukoresheje bateri ya LFP muri 2014, hamwe na A123 Sisitemu itanga paki. Uyu munsi, abayikora benshi bemera ikoranabuhanga ryo kwinjira - urwego no hagati - hagati yimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi aho ingufu nke zemewe zemewe bitewe numutekano ninyungu zibiciro.

Amagare ya Golf hamwe nibinyabiziga byingirakamaro bigenda bikoresha bateri ya LiFePO4 nkibiyobora bitaziguye - gusimbuza aside. Birasanzwe72 bateri ya litiro ionsisitemu yikarita ya golf ipima hafi kimwe cya - kimwe cya kane cyingana zingana na - banki ya batiri ya aside mugihe itanga intera ndende kandi ikishyurwa vuba. Ibikoresho bya 72V mubisanzwe bigizwe na selile 20 kugeza 23 LiFePO4 ihujwe murukurikirane, itanga voltage ikenewe kuri moteri yamashanyarazi mumagare ya golf, ibimoteri, moto, nibikoresho byinganda byoroheje.

Sisitemu yo kubika ingufu z'izuba ikoresha LiFePO4 igihe kirekire cyizuba hamwe nubushyuhe bwo gukora. Batteri zibika neza izuba ryinshi mugihe cyamasaha yumusaruro kugirango ukoreshwe izuba rirenze cyangwa mugihe amashanyarazi yabuze. Kwihanganira leta igice - cyo {

Porogaramu ya Marine na RV zungukirwa na LiFePO4 ihuza uburemere bworoshye, umutekano, no kuramba. Amapaki ya batiri 72V 180Ah arashobora gukoresha moteri ya trolling yamashanyarazi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki yo munzu, hamwe nibikoresho mugihe uhanganye no kunyeganyega, ihindagurika ryubushyuhe, hamwe no gufata nabi ibidukikije bikubiyemo. Kugabanya ibiro ugereranije na sisitemu - sisitemu ya aside itezimbere imikorere yubwato no gukora neza.

Inzego z’inganda n’ubucuruzi zikoresha LiFePO4 muri forklifts, ibinyabiziga byayobowe na sisitemu, hamwe na sisitemu yo kongera ingufu. Igipimo kinini cyo gusohora cya batteri gishyigikira ibikoresho - ibikoresho bishonje mugihe ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwishyuza bwihuse bigabanya igihe. Amasosiyete y'itumanaho akoresha bateri ya LFP kugirango akoreshe imbaraga zo gusubiza inyuma umunara, amabanki ku buzima bukora 10+ kugirango agabanye amafaranga yo kubungabunga mu bikoresho bya kure.

LiFePO4

Batteri ya LiFePO4 isaba charger zagenewe umwirondoro wa voltage. Uburyo bwo kwishyuza bukurikira inzira ebyiri -: icyiciro gihoraho gikurikirwa na voltage ihoraho. Mugihe cyicyiciro gihoraho, charger itanga amperage ihamye - mubisanzwe 0.5C kugeza 1C, bivuze igice cyo kunganya amp - igipimo cyamasaha - kugeza selile zigera kuri 3.6V imwe. Kuri sisitemu ya 72V, ibi bivuze kwishyuza kugeza voltage yamapaki igeze kuri 83-85V.

Iyo voltage yo kwinjiza imaze kugera kuri 90% yuburyo bwo kwishyuza, charger ihinduka muburyo bwa voltage burigihe. Ibiriho bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro uko selile zuzura, hamwe no kwishyuza byuzuye mugihe amashanyarazi agabanutse kugera kuri 5 - 10% yubushobozi bwa bateri. Ibi bitandukanye na sisitemu - kwishyuza aside protocole ikoresha amafaranga yo kunganya cyangwa kureremba voltage-tekinike ishobora kwangiza selile LiFePO4.

Gukoresha lithium isanzwe - charger ya ion yagenewe selile 4.2V kuri bateri ya LiFePO4 itera umuriro mwinshi, kuko intego ya voltage irenze urugero rwumutekano wa chimie ya fosifate. Ibinyuranye, ukoresheje amashanyarazi - charger ya acide mubisanzwe yishyuza bateri ya LiFePO4 kandi ntishobora gutuma habaho guhagarika amafaranga.

Gucunga ubushyuhe mugihe cyo kwishyuza. Kwishyuza munsi yubukonje birashobora gutera lithium isa kuri anode, bikagabanya burundu ubushobozi. Sisitemu nyinshi zicunga neza za batiri zirimo gushyushya ibintu bishyushya paki kubushyuhe bwumuriro mbere yo kwemerera gutemba. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, kwishyuza ubushyuhe burenze dogere 113 F byihuta.

Ibiciro byambere byo kugura imyanya ya bateri LiFePO4 mugihe cyo hejuru ugereranije na gurş - ubundi buryo bwa aside. Ipaki ya 72V 100Ah LiFePO4 irashobora kugura $ 2000 - 3.000, mugihe bateri zingana na aside-aside ikoresha $ 600-1,000. Itandukaniro ryibiciro ribuza abaguzi kureba ibiciro byonyine.

Ibarura rihinduka cyane mugihe cyo gusuzuma ikiguzi kuri buri cyiciro. Mugihe cyizuba 3.000 byibuze, pack ya LiFePO4 itanga ingufu kumadorari 0.67 - 1.00 kuri buri cyiciro. Kurongora - bateri ya acide icunga inzinguzingo 400 igura $ 1.50-2.50 kuri buri cyiciro. Mugihe cyubuzima bwa bateri, sisitemu ya LiFePO4 mubusanzwe igura 30-50% ugereranije no gusimbuza bateri-aside.

Impamvu zinyongera zongerera inyungu. Batteri ya LiFePO4 irashobora gusohora ubujyakuzimu 100% nta byangiritse, mugihe bateri ya aside - aside igomba gusohoka kugeza kuri 50% byimbitse kugirango ubuzima bwikurikirane. Ibi bivuze ko bateri ya 100Ah LiFePO4 itanga ubushobozi buhwanye na 200Ah bayobora - acide, bikarushaho kunoza kugereranya ibiciro.

Amafaranga yo gufata neza azimira hamwe na LiFePO4. Kurongora - bateri ya aside isaba kongeramo amazi buri gihe, gusukura itumanaho, no kwishyuza kuringaniza. Sisitemu ya LiFePO4 ikora kubungabunga - kubuntu birenze ubugenzuzi bwibanze. Batteri nayo ubwayo - isohoka hafi ya 2 - 3% buri kwezi ugereranije na 5-10% ya aside-aside, bivuze ko bateri zabitswe zigumana amafaranga nta kwishyuza buri gihe.

Kugabanya ibiro bitanga kuzigama mu buryo butaziguye muri porogaramu zigendanwa. Gusimbuza ibiro 400 by'isasu - bateri ya acide hamwe n'ibiro 100 bya LiFePO4 bizamura imikorere yimodoka, byongera intera, kandi bigabanya kwambara kubice byahagaritswe. Kubikorwa byo mu nyanja, kuzigama ibiro bizamura imikorere yubwato nubukungu bwa peteroli.

Kubura cobalt, nikel, nubumara bwibyuma biremereye LiFePO4 nka chimie ya bateri ishinzwe ibidukikije. Ibyuma na fosifate bitera ingaruka nke kubidukikije mugihe cyo kubikuramo, kubitunganya, no kubitunganya. Batteri zirimo imyuka cyangwa aside ishobora guteza akaga mugihe cyo gukora cyangwa kujugunya.

Gutunganya uburyo bwa bateri ya LiFePO4 ntabwo bigoye kuruta cobalt - ubundi buryo bushingiye. Fosifate y'icyuma irashobora kugarurwa no gukoreshwa muri bateri nshya, kubyara ibyuma, cyangwa ifumbire ya fosifate. Mugihe ibikorwa remezo byo gutunganya bikomeje gutera imbere, agaciro kavukire hamwe nibisabwa byoroshye gutunganya bituma LFP ikoreshwa neza mubukungu.

Igihe kinini cyo gukora kiragabanya ibyifuzo byinganda ningaruka zijyanye nibidukikije. Batare imwe ya LiFePO4 ikora kumyaka 10 - 15 yimura 3 - 5 gusimbuza aside-aside cyangwa gusimbuza litiro-2-3 zisanzwe. Uku kugabanuka kwinzira zinganda bigabanya gukuramo ibikoresho fatizo, gukoresha ingufu, hamwe n’ibyuka byoherezwa mu mahanga mubuzima bwibicuruzwa.

Kurangiza - ya - ubuzima Batteri LiFePO4 ikunze kugumana 70 - 80% yubushobozi bwumwimerere, bigatuma ikoreshwa mubuzima bwa kabiri. Batteri yimodoka yasimbuwe kubera kugabanya intera irashobora gukora neza mububiko bwingufu zihagaze aho ubwinshi bwingufu butwara amafaranga make kandi yizewe. Iyi mikoreshereze ishimishije yongerera inyungu ibidukikije kuri buri bateri yakozwe.

Iboneza rya selile isanzwe ikurikiza imiterere yinganda. Ingirabuzimafatizo imwe itanga voltage ya nomero 3.2V hamwe nubushobozi buri hagati ya 3Ah ntoya ya elegitoroniki yimukanwa kugeza selile 300Ah ya sisitemu yo kubika ingufu. Ibice bisanzwe bikurikirana birimo:

Sisitemu ya 12V: selile 4 zikurikirana (12.8V nominal)

Sisitemu ya 24V: selile 8 zikurikirana (25,6V nominal)

Sisitemu 48V: selile 15 zikurikirana (48V nominal)

Sisitemu ya 72V: selile 20-23 zikurikirana (64V-73,6V nominal)

Bateri ya 72 volt lithium ion yagizwe na chimie ya LiFePO4 mubusanzwe ikoresha selile 23 kuri 3.2V imwe, itanga voltage nominal ya 73.6V. Ibi birenze gato ibyerekanwe na 72V ariko biguma mumurongo wa voltage ya 72V - yagenzuwe na moteri na inverter. Iboneza bikwiranye na moto z'amashanyarazi, amagare manini e -, amagare ya golf, hamwe n’ibinyabiziga bito by’amashanyarazi bisaba gutanga amashanyarazi menshi.

Igipimo cyo gusohora kiratandukanye ukurikije igishushanyo mbonera. Ingirabuzimafatizo nyinshi za LiFePO4 zishyigikira 1C ikomeza gusohoka, bivuze ko ishobora gutanga amashanyarazi angana nubushobozi bwabo - bateri 100Ah ishobora gukomeza gutanga amps 100. Hejuru - selile ikora igenewe ibikoresho byamashanyarazi cyangwa ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bishyigikira igipimo cya 3C kugeza 20C, nubwo ubu bushobozi buza kubiciro byiyongereye.

Ubucucike bw'ingufu busanzwe buri hagati ya 90 - 120 Wh / kg kuri LiFePO4 ugereranije na 150 - 220 Wh / kg kuri litiro ya NMC -. Ubucucike bwo hasi busaba ubunini bunini bwumubiri cyangwa ubwinshi bwo kubika ingufu zingana. Mubisabwa aho uburemere n'umwanya ari ngombwa - ikirere, ibinyabiziga bikora amashanyarazi menshi-chimie ya NMC akenshi iratsinda. Aho umutekano, kuramba, hamwe nigiciro cyinshi, LiFePO4 yiganje.

LiFePO4

Batteri ya LiFePO4 mubisanzwe itanga 3000 kugeza 5.000 yikurikiranya mugihe igumana ubushobozi bwa 80%, bivuze imyaka 10 - 15 mumyaka 15 - ikoresha porogaramu. Ingirabuzimafatizo zishobora kurenga 6.500. Ubuzima bwa kalendari bugera kuri 10+ imyaka nubwo ikoreshwa cyane, nkuko chimie ibona buhoro buhoro-gusohora no kwangirika gake iyo bibitswe ku giciro gito.

Oya. Gukoresha charger itariyo itera kwishyuza birenze, kubyara ubushyuhe no kugabanya burundu ubushobozi. Buri gihe ukoreshe charger zagenewe cyane cyane chimie ya LiFePO4 cyangwa charger zishyirwaho zashyizwe kumurongo wa voltage ikwiye.

Imiterere yimiti ya fosifate irwanya kwangirika kwumuriro no kurekura ogisijeni itwara ubushyuhe bwumuriro muri bateri ya cobalt -. Imbaraga zikomeye { LiFePO4 selile ntizishobora gutwikwa mubihe bisanzwe byananiranye.

Batteri ya LiFePO4 ikora mubushyuhe kuva kuri dogere 4 F kugeza kuri dogere 140 F, nubwo imikorere igabanuka kubushyuhe bukabije. Kwishyuza munsi ya dogere 32 F birashobora kwangiza burundu binyuze muri lithium. Sisitemu nziza yo gucunga bateri irimo gushyushya ibintu kuri bateri zishyushye mbere yo kwemerera amashanyarazi mugihe gikonje. Ubushobozi bwo gusohora buguma bwemewe mugihe cyubukonje, nubwo ubushobozi buboneka bugabanuka byigihe gito.

LiFePO4 yerekana ingingo yo gukura muburyo bwa tekinoroji ya batiri yumuriro - chimie itanga ingufu zingana kugirango igere kumutekano mwiza, kuramba, nigiciro -. Ikoranabuhanga ryarenze kure kwinjizwa hakiri kare mubikorwa byoherejwe mu nganda aho ibyo biranga bifite imbaraga zirenze imbaraga nyinshi kuri kilo.

Inzira yisoko yerekana ko iyi nzibacyuho izakomeza. Nkumunzani wo gukora, ibiciro biragabanuka. Mugihe patenti irangiye, ibigo byinshi byinjira mubikorwa. Nkuko porogaramu zigaragaza imikorere yizewe mumyaka cyangwa imyaka, icyizere mubuhanga kiriyongera. Kubantu bose basuzuma uburyo bwo kubika ingufu - haba gukoresha ingufu zamashanyarazi, kubika ingufu zizuba, cyangwa gusimbuza bateri - acide ya acide mubikoresho bihari - LiFePO4 ikwiye kwitabwaho cyane hashingiwe kubikorwa byashizweho nubukungu bukomeye.