Ububiko bw'izuba ni iki?

Kubika ingufu z'izuba bifata kandi bikagumana amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba kugirango akoreshwe mugihe izuba ritaka. Ubusanzwe sisitemu ikoresha tekinoroji ya batiri kugirango ibike ingufu zirenze zakozwe mumasaha yumunsi, bigatuma iboneka mugihe cya nijoro, mugihe cyijimye, cyangwa umuriro.

Inzira yo kubika ingufu zizuba zirimo ibice byinshi bifitanye isano bikorana. Imirasire y'izuba itanga amashanyarazi ataziguye (DC) iyo urumuri rw'izuba rukubise ingirabuzimafatizo. Aya mashanyarazi anyura muri inverter, ayihinduranya kugirango ihindurwe (AC) kugirango ikoreshwe mumazu no mubucuruzi.

Iyo imirasire y'izuba itanga amashanyarazi arenze ayakenewe, ingufu zisagutse zitwara sisitemu ya batiri aho kujya guta. Izi bateri zifata ingufu muburyo bwa shimi kugeza zikenewe. Sisitemu yo gucunga bateri igezweho ikurikirana urwego rwishyurwa, igahindura imikorere, kandi ikanakora neza mumashanyarazi ibihumbi - gusohora.

Ingufu zabitswe ziboneka kubisabwa. Mu masaha ya nimugoroba iyo imirasire y'izuba ihagaritse gutanga ingufu, cyangwa mugihe cya gride, sisitemu ya bateri ihita isohora kugirango ihuze amashanyarazi. Ibi bitanga amashanyarazi yizewe atagengwa nizuba - igihe cyizuba.

Solar Energy Storage

Ububiko bwa Batiri bwiganje mububiko bwamashanyarazi yizuba nubucuruzi, hamwelitiro ya batiriikoranabuhanga riyobora isoko. Litiyumu - bateri zitanga ingufu nyinshi, bivuze ko zibika amashanyarazi menshi mumwanya muto. Izi bateri zisanzwe zimara imyaka 10-15 kandi irashobora gutwara inshuro zirenga 6.000 zishyurwa mbere yuko iyangirika rikomeye riba.

Batteri ya Litiyumu fer fosifate (LiFePO4) yamenyekanye cyane mugukoresha izuba. Zitanga ubushyuhe bwumuriro numutekano ugereranije nindi miti ya lithium. Izi bateri zigumana ubushobozi bwa 80% nyuma yimyaka myinshi yo gusiganwa ku magare buri munsi, bigatuma igiciro - ikora neza nubwo igiciro kiri hejuru.

Kurongora - bateri ya acide yerekana tekinoroji ishaje, ihendutse. Mugihe ibiciro byambere byubuguzi biri hasi, bimara imyaka 3-7 gusa kandi bisaba gusimburwa kenshi. Imikorere yabo yo hasi isobanura ingufu nyinshi zizuba zabuze mugihe cyo kwishyuza no kubika.

Tekinoroji igaragara irimo bateri za leta -, zisimbuza electrolytite yamazi nibikoresho bikomeye. Ibi byizeza ingufu nyinshi hamwe n’umutekano kurushaho, nubwo kuboneka kwubucuruzi bikomeje kuba bike. Bateri zitemba zitanga ububiko bunini bwububiko bunini, bubika ingufu mumazi ya electrolyte yamazi ashobora kuba afite ubunini bwigenga biturutse kumashanyarazi.

Sisitemu yo kubika ubushyuhe ifata ubushyuhe kuruta amashanyarazi. Imirasire y'izuba yibanze ikoresha imyunyu yashongeshejwe cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kugirango ibike ingufu zumuriro, nyuma ikabyara amashanyarazi binyuze mumashanyarazi. Kubisabwa gutura, ubushyuhe bwamazi yizuba bubika ingufu zumuriro mubigega byamazi.

Ubwigenge bw'ingufu bugaragara nk'inyungu y'ibanze. Sisitemu ifite ububiko irashobora gukora mugihe cya gride, ikomeza imbaraga kumitwaro ikomeye. Mu bice bikunze kwibasirwa cyane, uku kwihangana kwerekana ko ari ntangarugero kubucuruzi budashobora kugura igihe.

Kuzigama amafaranga birundanya binyuze muburyo bwinshi. Mu turere dufite igihe - cya - koresha igipimo cy’amashanyarazi, ingufu z'izuba zibitswe zitanga impanuka ihenze - gukoresha amashanyarazi. Ibihugu nka Californiya byahinduye politiki yo gupima net, bituma ububiko bukurura ubukungu kuruta kohereza ingufu z'izuba muri gride ku giciro gito.

Ububiko bwa Batiri muri Amerika bwikubye hafi kabiri mu 2024, abayitezimbere bongeraho 14.3 GW kuri 15.5 GW isanzwe. Iri terambere ryihuse ryerekana kumenyekanisha agaciro mububiko ndetse ningirakamaro - igipimo cya porogaramu.

Inyungu zidukikije zirenze izuba ryonyine. Sisitemu yo kubika ituma ingufu zishobora kuvugururwa zinjira kuri gride muguhuza ibisekuruza rimwe na rimwe. Bagabanya ibikenerwa bya lisansi yimyanda "peaker" isanzwe yaka mugihe kinini -.

Imiyoboro ya gride iratera imbere mugihe ikwirakwizwa rya sisitemu yo kubika ikusanyirizwa mumashanyarazi. Ibikoresho byumuyoboro birashobora gutanga amabwiriza yumurongo, inkunga ya voltage, hamwe nibisabwa kugirango bifashe mugukomeza gutanga amashanyarazi yizewe mukarere kose.

Isoko ryo kubika ingufu z'izuba ku isi ryahawe agaciro ka miliyari 93.4 z'amadolari mu 2024 bikaba biteganijwe ko mu 2034 rizagera kuri miliyari 378.5 z'amadolari, bivuze ko izamuka ry’umwaka wa 17.8%. Gushigikira leta no kugabanuka kw'ibiciro by'ikoranabuhanga bitera uku kwaguka.

Itegeko ryo kugabanya ifaranga ryahinduye cyane ubukungu bwububiko muri Amerika. Inguzanyo yimisoro yishoramari ikoreshwa kuri sisitemu yo kubika yihariye, mugihe mbere bateri zujuje ibyangombwa byo gutanga imisoro ya reta mugihe co - giherereye hamwe nizuba. Iyi politiki ihinduranya ifungura akamaro - igipimo cyo kubika.

Ibiciro bya bateri byagabanutse cyane. Ubusanzwe lithium yo guturamo - ion yaguze $ 20.000 muri 2020 ubu igura $ 12,000 - 18,000 $ yuzuye. Ibiciro byingirakamaro byagabanutse cyane, bigabanuka 93% mumyaka icumi ishize nkuko raporo y’inzibacyuho ishobora kongera ingufu.

Kwakira ubucuruzi byihuta mugihe ibigo bikurikirana intego zirambye. Ibigo bikomeye byo muri Amerika byashyizeho ingufu zingana nizuba hafi 40 GW hamwe na 1.8 GWh yo kubika bateri binyuze muri Q 1 2024. Ibi bikoresho bigabanya amafaranga yo gukora mugihe byerekana ibyo ibidukikije byiyemeje.

Sisitemu ya bateri yo murugo isanzwe kuva kuri 5 kWh kugeza kuri 20 kWh mubushobozi. Sisitemu ya 10-15 kWh irashobora guha ingufu imizigo yo murugo muminsi 1-2 mugihe cyo kubura, bitewe nuburyo bwo gukoresha. Benshi mubafite amazu bafite sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi nijoro mugukomeza ubushobozi bwo kugarura ibintu byihutirwa.

Mu gice cya mbere cya 2025, 40% by'amashanyarazi mashya atuyemo harimo ububiko. Igipimo cyo guhuza kiratandukanye cyane mukarere. Kaliforuniya iyoboye igipimo cyinshi cyo kwishyiriraho bitewe nuburyo butemewe bwo gupima izuba - sisitemu gusa. Hawaii yerekana uburyo busa aho igihe - cya - cyo gukoresha ibiciro hamwe n’indishyi nke zoherezwa mu mahanga bituma ububiko bukomera mu bukungu.

Ibikoresho byo kwishyiriraho biza muri AC - bihujwe cyangwa DC - byahujwe. DC {{3} systems sisitemu ihujwe ihuza bateri mbere yizuba ryizuba, itanga umusaruro mwinshi wirinda guhinduka kwinshi hagati ya DC na AC. AC - sisitemu ihujwe ihuza nyuma ya inverter, itanga uburyo bworoshye bwo guhindura imirasire y'izuba iriho.

Sisitemu yo gucunga ingufu zubwenge zitezimbere gukoresha ububiko. Abagenzuzi biga uburyo bwo gukoresha urugo, iteganyagihe, na gahunda yingirakamaro. Bahita bishyuza bateri mugihe gito - mugihe cyo kugabanura no gusohora mugihe cyamasaha ahenze, bakagabanya amafaranga yo kuzigama batabigizemo uruhare.

Solar Energy Storage

Imirima minini yizuba igenda ihuza na sisitemu ya batiri. Texas na Kaliforuniya bingana na 82% by'ububiko bushya bwo kubika batiri muri Amerika, Texas ikongeraho 6.4 GW naho Californiya ikongeraho 5.2 GW. Izi ntara zifite izuba ryinshi hamwe n’ubukungu bukomeye bwo kubika.

Urusobemiyoboro - bateri ikora serivisi nyinshi icyarimwe. Zitanga amabwiriza yumurongo mukanya gutera cyangwa gukuramo imbaraga kugirango 60 Hz ituze. Zitanga ubushobozi bwo gucana, koroshya izuba rituruka ku bicu bitambutse. Mugihe cyibisabwa cyane, basohora kugirango bagabanye ingufu kubikorwa remezo byohereza.

Ikibazo "duck curve" cyerekana ububiko bukenewe. Mu turere twinshi - izuba, ibisekuru bya sasita akenshi birenze ibyifuzo, bigatuma abakoresha gride bagabanya umusaruro ushobora kuvugururwa. Noneho umusaruro wizuba ugabanuka cyane izuba rirenze, mubyukuri iyo ibyifuzo byo gutura byiyongereye. Sisitemu ya bateri ibika ibisekuru bya sasita kandi ikarekura mugihe cya nimugoroba, igorora umurongo.

Ibikoresho byubucuruzi ninganda bikoresha izuba - wongeyeho ububiko - kugirango ugabanye amafaranga asabwa. Aya mafaranga ahana urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukoresha amashanyarazi, rimwe na rimwe rugera kuri 30 - 70% byamafaranga yose yakoreshejwe. Mugusohora bateri mugihe cyo gukoresha cyane, ubucuruzi bugabanya ibyifuzo byabwo kandi bikagera ku kuzigama kwinshi.

Litiyumu - ion ya chimie itandukanye itanga ubucuruzi butandukanye. Nickel - manganese - cobalt (NMC) itanga ingufu nyinshi ariko ikerekana ibibazo byo gucunga ubushyuhe. Litiyumu fer fosifate (LiFePO4) itanga imbaraga zingufu zumutekano no kuramba. Ibikoresho byinshi byo guturamo bifasha LiFePO4 kubikorwa byayo bihamye mubushyuhe.

Ubuzima bwa cycle bugena ingufu zose zinjira. Batare yagereranijwe kumuzingo 6000 kuri 80% byubujyakuzimu irashobora gutanga hafi MWh 60 mubuzima bwayo niba ubushobozi bwa sisitemu ari 10 kWt. Iyi metric igira ingaruka itaziguye igiciro cyingufu zabitswe {{7} price igiciro cyiza kuri kilowatt - isaha hejuru yubuzima bwa bateri.

Uburyo bwo gutesha agaciro buratandukanye. Ingengabihe yo gusaza ibaho kuva igihe cyashize, mugihe gusaza kwinzira biva mubikorwa - ibikorwa byo gusohora. Gukoresha bateri ku bushyuhe buringaniye (dogere 15-25) no kwirinda kwishyurwa / gusohora birenze urugero byongerera igihe. Sisitemu nziza yo gucunga bateri irinda byimazeyo ibintu byihutisha kwangirika.

Uruzinduko - gukora neza bipima gutakaza ingufu mugihe cyo kubika. Sisitemu ya kijyambere ya lithium igera kuri 90 - 95% ikora neza, bivuze ko imbaraga nkeya ugereranije nubushyuhe. Ibi ugereranije neza nububiko bwa hydro pompe (70-85%) cyangwa bateri ya aside-aside (70-80%), bigatuma tekinoroji ya lithium iba ingirakamaro mubukungu mumagare ya buri munsi.

Hanze - ubuzima bwa gride busaba ububiko bunini. Ubusanzwe off - urugo rukenera iminsi 2-3 yubushobozi bwa bateri mugihe cyikirere. Ibi birashobora gusobanurwa kuri 30-50 kWh yo kubika urugo rukoresha 15 kWh kumunsi. Kurenza urugero birinda gusiganwa ku magare bikabije, byongera ubuzima bwa sisitemu.

Imodoka zidagadura zungukirwa na sisitemu ya lithium. Batiri ya 200 Ah lithium ipima hafi kg 25 kandi ikagira umwanya muto, ugereranije na 60 kuri 60 ihwanye na aside -. Uku kuzigama ibiro bifite akamaro muri porogaramu zigendanwa, kandi kwihanganira gusohora byimbitse bivuze ubushobozi bukoreshwa buhuye nubushobozi bwagenwe.

Ibikorwa byubuhinzi bikoresha izuba - wongeyeho - ububiko bwo kuvomerera. Imirasire y'izuba ku manywa itanga pompe mu buryo butaziguye, mugihe bateri zibika ingufu zirenze urugero zo kuhira mugitondo cyangwa nimugoroba. Ibi bikuraho ibiciro bya gride ihuza ahantu kure kandi bigabanya amafaranga yo gukora.

Iminara y'itumanaho ya kure igenda yishingikiriza ku zuba na batiri. Ibi bikoresho bisaba imbaraga zizewe ariko zibaho kure yibikorwa remezo bya gride. Batteri ya Litiyumu ihanganira ubushyuhe bukabije kurenza ubundi buryo bwo gutanga imyaka yo kubungabunga - ibikorwa byubusa.

Imbaraga zububiko bwihutirwa ziratandukanye no gukoresha amagare ya buri munsi. Sisitemu yagenewe cyane cyane kubura irashobora gukoresha bateri nini zishyurwa gake. Ibi byongerera igihe cya bateri kuva gusiganwa ku magare bidatera kwambara gake. Sisitemu ikomeza gusinzira kugeza ingufu za gride zananiranye.

Ingano ikwiye isaba ubugenzuzi burambuye bwingufu. Gisesengura imikoreshereze yamashanyarazi yamateka, umenye imikoreshereze ya buri munsi nibihe bitandukanye. Reba imizigo isaba imbaraga zo gusubira inyuma kandi zishobora kugabanywa mugihe cyo kubura. Ibintu mubihinduka byateganijwe nko kwishyuza ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi cyangwa kwiyongera murugo.

Gucunga ubushyuhe bigira ingaruka kumikorere no kuramba. Batteri ikora neza hagati ya dogere 15-25. Kwishyiriraho ikirere gishyushye bikenera guhumeka cyangwa kurwanya ikirere. Ibidukikije bikonje birashobora gusaba ubushyuhe kugirango bikomeze kwishyurwa, nubwo imiti ya batiri imwe yihanganira ubushyuhe buke kurusha ubundi.

Guhuza amashanyarazi bisaba abahanga babishoboye. Sisitemu ya bateri ikubiyemo imirimo y'amashanyarazi ya DC na AC, bisaba guhagarara neza, kandi igomba kuba yujuje kodegisi y'amashanyarazi. Kwishyiriraho nabi bitera ibyago byumuriro cyangwa ibikoresho byangiritse. Inkiko nyinshi zisaba amashanyarazi abifitemo uruhushya no kwemeza ubugenzuzi.

Ibisabwa byuruhushya biratandukana. Uturere tumwe na tumwe dushyira sisitemu ya batiri nkibikoresho byo kubika ingufu bisaba uruhushya rwihariye, mugihe utundi tubishyira munsi yimpushya rusange zamashanyarazi. Amasezerano yo guhuza ibikorwa akenera akenshi kuvugurura mugihe wongeyeho ububiko bwizuba rihari.

Amagambo ya garanti akwiye gusubirwamo neza. Bateri nyinshi za lithium zirimo garanti yimyaka 10 yemeza ko ubushobozi bwa 70% bugumana. Nyamara, garanti yubwishingizi irashobora gukuramo uburyo bumwe bwo gutsindwa cyangwa bisaba imikorere yihariye. Gusobanukirwa imipaka ya garanti birinda gutungurwa mugihe gutesha agaciro birenze ibyateganijwe.

Solar Energy Storage

Litiyumu - bateriyeri irashobora gutwara amafaranga yamezi menshi hamwe na minisiteri ntoya - isohoka, mubisanzwe itakaza 2-3% yubushobozi buri kwezi mugihe idakora. Ibi bituma bibera kububiko bwigihe cyangwa sisitemu yo gusubiramo byihutirwa bicara ubusa mugihe kinini.

Kubara imikoreshereze yumuriro wa buri munsi, hanyuma ugwize iminsi wifuza yo kugarura. Urugo rukoresha 30 kWh buri munsi rukenera bateri 10 kWh kugirango ikoreshwe nijoro, cyangwa 60 kWh muminsi ibiri yo kurangiza - ibikorwa bya gride. Ba nyiri amazu benshi bumvikana na sisitemu ya 10-15 kWh.

Nibyo, AC - sisitemu ya batiri ihuza hamwe nizuba rihari. Iyi retrofits isaba inverter yinyongera nakazi ko kuyubaka ariko ikabika ibikoresho bihari. DC - byongeweho byongeweho biraruhije, birashoboka ko bisaba gusimbuza izuba.

Batteri ya kijyambere ya lithium ikora neza mugihe cyubukonje, nubwo ubushobozi bugabanuka byigihe gito mubushyuhe bukabije. Sisitemu nyinshi zirimo gushyushya ibintu bikora munsi yubukonje. Imikorere isubira mubisanzwe iyo bateri zishyushye.

Kubika ingufu z'izuba bihindura izuba rimwe na rimwe imbaraga zizewe, zoherezwa. Mugihe tekinoroji ya bateri ikomeje gutera imbere nigiciro kigabanuka, ububiko burahinduka mubukungu mubisabwa byinshi. Gukomatanya imirasire y'izuba hamwe na sisitemu ya batiri bitanga ubwigenge bwingufu, kuzigama amafaranga, hamwe nibidukikije bidukikije izuba ridashobora guhura.

Ikoranabuhanga rikora ibintu byose uhereye kumashanyarazi mumazu kugiti cye kugeza igihe cyo guhagarika ibikorwa - gride nini hamwe na gigawatt yubushobozi. Haba kugabanya fagitire y'amashanyarazi mugihe - ya - koresha optimizasiyo cyangwa itume ubuzima bwa - bubaho, sisitemu yo kubika ifungura ingufu zizuba zituma izuba riboneka igihe cyose bikenewe.