Ubushuhe ni ubuhe?

Ubushyuhe bwumuriro busobanura ubushobozi bwibikoresho byo kubungabunga imiterere yimiti nimiterere yumubiri iyo ihuye nubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Uku kurwanya ubushyuhe - kwangirika guterwa no kumenya niba ibikoresho bishobora gukora neza ahantu h’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru - hatabayeho kubora, gutakaza imbaraga, cyangwa guhura n’imiti idashaka.

Impamvu Ubushyuhe Bwumuriro Bwingenzi

Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe buke burenze kure kunanirwa kwibintu byoroshye. Iyo ibikoresho bimenetse munsi yubushyuhe, ibisubizo birashobora gutandukana kuva igihe cyo kugabanya ibicuruzwa kugeza igihe habaye umutekano muke.

Muri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu, ihungabana ryumuriro ritera ingaruka zikomeye cyane.Litiyumuibice bidafite ubushyuhe buhagije bwumuriro birashobora gukurura ubushyuhe bwumuriro - urunigi rwerekana urunigi aho kubyara ubushyuhe byihuta bitagenzuwe, bishobora gutera umuriro cyangwa guturika. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 bwerekana ko gutwarwa nubushyuhe muri bateri ya lithium - ion bitangirira ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya dogere 80 mugihe ibikoresho bya electrode bitangiye guhura nibibazo bidasanzwe.

Ibikorwa byo gukora nabyo biterwa cyane nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Imiti yimiti ikorwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru isaba reagent nibicuruzwa bitangirika muburyo butunguranye. Ibikoresho bisa nkaho bihagaze ku bushyuhe bwicyumba birashobora gusenyuka vuba kuri dogere 150, bikabangamira ibyakozwe byose kandi bigatera ibihe bibi.

Kuramba kw'ibicuruzwa bihuza neza no kurwanya ubushyuhe. Ibikoresho bya elegitoronike bitanga ubushyuhe bukora buhoro buhoro bugabanya ibice hamwe nubushyuhe buke bwumuriro. Ibigize icyogajuru bihura nubushyuhe kuva kuri dogere 55 kugera kuri dogere zirenga 150 mugihe kimwe cyindege. Ibikoresho bidashobora kwihanganira ibi bintu biganisha ku kunanirwa imburagihe no gusimburwa bihenze.

Ibintu byerekana ubushyuhe bwumuriro

Gusobanukirwa nigituma ikintu kimwe gihinduka ubushyuhe mugihe ikindi gitesha agaciro bisaba gusuzuma ibintu byinshi bifitanye isano.

Ibigize imiti nimbaraga za Bond

Atome hamwe nubusabane mubintu bigize urufatiro rwimyitwarire yubushyuhe. Ibinyabuzima bidakoreshwa nka ceramics mubisanzwe byerekana ubushyuhe bwumuriro ugereranije nibintu kama. Itandukaniro riri mu mbaraga zububiko - imiyoboro ikomeye ya covalent mubikoresho byubutaka nka karibide ya silicon irashobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe burenga dogere 1.000, mugihe polymers nyinshi kama itangira kubora kuri dogere 200-300.

Molecular igoye nayo igira uruhare. Molekile ntoya ifite imiterere yoroshye ikunda kugira ubushyuhe buke kuko ishobora kwibasirwa no gucika mugihe ubushyuhe butanga imbaraga zihagije zo gutsinda imbaraga za molekile. Molekile nini, zigoye hamwe n’imikoranire myinshi ihamye muri rusange irwanya iyangirika ryumuriro neza.

Crystalline na Amorphous Imiterere

Gahunda yumubiri ya atome igira ingaruka zikomeye kumuriro. Ibikoresho bya Crystalline, hamwe nibisanzwe, byateganijwe byubaka atome, mubisanzwe biruta ibikoresho bya amorphous murwego rwo hejuru -. Ubu buryo buhoraho butanga ubunyangamugayo bunini - uburyo bwateguwe burwanya ihungabana ryingufu zumuriro neza kuruta gahunda zidasanzwe ziboneka mubikoresho bya amorphous.

Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa kuri selulose nanomateriali bwerekanye ko indangagaciro ya kristu ihuza neza nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Ibikoresho bifite ibintu byinshi bya kristaline byerekanaga ubushyuhe bwo kubora hejuru ya dogere 30-50 kurenza bagenzi babo ba amorphous.

Umwanda ninyongera

Ndetse ingano yimyanda irashobora guhindura kuburyo bugaragara ubushyuhe bwumuriro. Imyanda ikunze kuba umusemburo, kwihutisha kwangirika kutabaho nkuko byoroshye mubikoresho byiza. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2024 kuri lithium - ion ya electrolytike ya ion bwerekanye ko amazi yanduye ari munsi y’ibice 50 kuri miliyoni ashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw’umuriro hejuru ya dogere 40.

Ibinyuranye, ibyongeweho nkana birashobora kongera ubushyuhe bwumuriro. Amashanyarazi yubushyuhe yongewe kuri polymers arinda kwangirika kwa okiside mugihe cyo gutunganya no gukoresha. Kurugero, fosifore yihariye - irimo ibice bishobora kwagura ubushyuhe bwumuriro bwamazi amwe ava kuri dogere 300 kugeza kuri dogere 650.

Ibidukikije

Ubushyuhe bwumuriro ntabwo bupimirwa mu cyuho {{0} factors ibintu bidukikije bigira ingaruka cyane kuburyo ibikoresho bitwara munsi yubushyuhe. Oxygene ihari yihutisha iyangirika ryubushyuhe mubikoresho byinshi binyuze muri okiside. Ibikoresho biguma bihamye kuri dogere 200 mukirere cya azote ya inert irashobora kubora kuri dogere 150 mugihe ihuye numwuka.

Ubushuhe nubushuhe bizana izindi ngorane. Umwuka wamazi urashobora gutuma habaho kwangirika cyangwa kugira uruhare muburyo bwo kumena imiti. Kugerageza ituze ryumuriro bisaba kwerekana imiterere yikirere kugirango ubone ibisubizo bifatika, byororoka.

Uburyo Ubushyuhe Bwumuriro Bupimwa

Kugabanya ituze ryumuriro bisaba tekiniki zisesenguye zikurikirana uburyo ibikoresho bitabira ubushyuhe bugenzurwa.

Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA)

TGA ikurikirana impinduka rusange uko ibikoresho bishyuha. Igikoresho gipima neza kugabanya ibiro mugihe ubushyuhe bwiyongereye ku gipimo cyagenzuwe, mubisanzwe dogere 10-20 kumunota. Iyo ibintu bitangiye kubora, ibice bihindagurika bigenda byuka cyangwa bigakora, bigatera kugabanuka kwinshi.

Igipimo cya ASTM E2550 gisobanura ituze ry’ubushyuhe nk "ubushyuhe ibintu bitangira kubora cyangwa kubyitwaramo, hamwe n’impinduka rusange." Kuri acetylsalicylic aside (aspirine), TGA igaragaza ubushyuhe bwumuriro bugera kuri dogere 102 munsi yikirere cya azote mbere yuko kubora bitangira.

Ibipimo byo gupima bigira ingaruka cyane kubisubizo. Icyitegererezo cya misa, ubushyuhe, imiterere yikirere, nubwoko bwingenzi bigomba kuguma bihamye mugihe ugereranije ibikoresho. Icyitegererezo cya miligarama 5 yashyutswe kuri dogere 10 / min muri aluminium oxyde ikomeye itanga amakuru atandukanye ugereranije na miligarama 20 kuri dogere 20 / min mucyuma gikomeye.

Itandukaniro rya Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

DSC ipima ubushyuhe bugana cyangwa buva mucyitegererezo mugihe ihindagurika ryubushyuhe. Ubu buhanga butahura inzibacyuho, gushonga ingingo, hamwe na reaction ya exothermic decomposition reaction. Iyo ibikoresho bigenda byangirika, mubisanzwe birekura cyangwa bikurura ubushyuhe - DSC igereranya izo mpinduka zingufu hamwe nubukangurambaga bukabije.

DSC ni indashyikirwa mu kumenya ubushyuhe bwo gutangira kubora, ni ngombwa mu gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo gukora. Ibikorwa biherutse gukorwa ku miti ya farumasi yakoresheje DSC kugirango hamenyekane ko ciprofloxacin ikomeza ubushyuhe bwumuriro kugeza kuri dogere 280, mugihe ibuprofen itangira kubora kuri dogere 152.

Kwihutisha igipimo cya Calorimetry (ARC)

ARC itanga amakuru munsi ya - imiterere ya adiabatic, aho icyitegererezo kibona ubushyuhe buke kubidukikije. Iyi mikorere yigana ibintu bibi cyane - ibintu byerekana isuzuma ryumuriro. Igikoresho gishyushya ingero ku gipimo cyagenzuwe mugihe gikurikirana ubushyuhe niterambere ryumuvuduko imbere yimitsi ifunze.

ARC yerekanye agaciro gakomeye mugusuzuma ibikoresho bya batiri. Ibizamini kuri lithium - ion ya electrolytike ya ion ukoresheje ARC byagaragaje ko electrolytite isanzwe ya LiPF₆ itangira kubora nka dogere 138.5 munsi yumuvuduko, hamwe no kubora byuzuye kuri dogere 271. Ibipimo bifasha injeniyeri gushushanya sisitemu yo gucunga ubushyuhe hamwe numutekano ukwiye.

Porogaramu hirya no hino mu nganda

Ibisabwa kugirango ubushyuhe butajegajega buratandukanye cyane bitewe na porogaramu, ariko akamaro kayo gahoraho.

Kubika Ingufu na Batiri

Ikoranabuhanga rya bateri risunika ubushyuhe bwumuriro kurugero rwabo. Litiyumu - bateri ya ion ikora neza mumadirishya yubushyuhe buke, ariko kwishyuza, gusohora, hamwe nuburyo bwo hanze birashobora gutwara ibice birenze urugero rwumuriro.

Ibikoresho bya cathode muri nikel - bateri ikungahaye irerekana ibibazo byihariye. Ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 40, cathodes yishyuwe igenda yangirika yimiterere irekura ogisijeni - intambwe yingenzi mugutezimbere kwamazi. Ubwubatsi bw'ingano no gukoresha ibishishwa birinda byateje imbere ubushyuhe bwa cathode, hamwe nibikoresho bimwe byateye imbere ubu bikomeza gushikama kugera kuri dogere 250 ugereranije na dogere 130 kuri lithium cobalt oxyde cathodes.

Amashanyarazi ya bateri arasaba gukora neza kugirango ubushyuhe buhagije buhagije. Ubusanzwe LiPF₆ - ishingiye kuri electrolytike ibora ku bushyuhe buke (60 - 85 dogere), bigabanya urwego rukora neza. Electrolytes ebyiri ziherutse guhuza umunyu wa lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) hamwe na borate ya lithium difluoro (oxalato) (LiODFB) yerekana iterambere ryinshi ryumuriro, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kubora burenga dogere 360 ​​nimbaraga zo gukora za 53.25 kJ / mol.

Ibishushanyo bikomeye - ibishushanyo bya batiri ya leta byerekana iterambere ryinshi mumutekano wubushyuhe. Ubushakashatsi bugereranya litiro zirindwi zitandukanye - zishingiye kuri batiri zagaragaje ko sisitemu ikomeye ya leta - ikoresha oxyde electrolytite nka LLZO (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) yerekana ituze ry’ubushyuhe ugereranije n’ibishushanyo bisanzwe hamwe na polipropilene. Ibikoresho byubutaka birwanya kugabanuka no gushonga bitera imiyoboro migufi muri bateri gakondo.

Ikirere hamwe na - Ubushyuhe bukoreshwa

Ibice byo mu kirere bikorera ahantu hashyuha cyane. Indege ya turbine yindege ihanganira ubushyuhe burenga dogere 1.000 mugukomeza ubusugire bwimiterere. Ibikoresho kuriyi porogaramu - cyane cyane superalloys irimo nikel, cobalt, hamwe nicyuma cya - byatoranijwe byumwihariko kubushyuhe bwumuriro.

Aluminiyumu yerekana ibibazo bishimishije byubushyuhe bwo mu kirere. Mugihe aluminiyumu itanga imbaraga zidasanzwe - kugeza kuri - ibipimo byuburemere, imipaka yubushyuhe bwumuriro igabanya imikoreshereze yabyo hejuru -. AA2618 ya aluminiyumu isanga ikoreshwa muri moteri ya turbocharger ikora kuri dogere 150-180, ariko kwagura aluminiyumu yumuriro urenze dogere 400 bikomeje kwibandwaho mubushakashatsi. Intsinzi yatuma aluminiyumu irushanwa na titanium iremereye na nikel alloys mubisabwa byinshi.

Shyushya ingabo zogajuru reentry zihura wenda nibisabwa cyane kugirango ubushyuhe bukenewe cyane. Ibi bikoresho bigomba kurwanya ubushyuhe bugera kuri dogere 1,650 mugihe birinda kohereza ubushyuhe mumiterere yikinyabiziga. Carbone {4

Gukora imiti no kuyitunganya

Imiti yimiti ikubiyemo ubushyuhe bwo hejuru aho ubushyuhe bwumuriro buba ingirakamaro. Ibisubizo byakozwe kuri dogere 200-300 bisaba reagent zihamye, ibicuruzwa, nibikoresho bya reaction. Kubora bitunguranye birashobora gutera guhunga, bikabyara ubushyuhe bukabije nigitutu kibangamira umutekano.

Isuzuma rihamye ryumuriro ryabaye akamenyero mubikorwa byo gukora imiti. Ibizamini bitandukanye byo gusikana calorimetry byerekana ingaruka zishobora kubaho hakiri kare. Isuzuma ryakozwe mu 2024 ryashimangiye ko gusobanukirwa uburyo bwo kubora - haba gukurikira inzira ya autocatalytic cyangwa mbere - gutondekanya kinetika - ni ngombwa mugushiraho uburyo bwo gukora neza no gupima neza gahunda zubutabazi.

Catalizator na sorbents zikoreshwa mubushyuhe bwo hejuru zigomba gukomeza gukora neza nta kwangirika kwimiterere. Platinum - yuzuye zeolite yahinduwe hamwe n’ibinyabuzima bya organotine yerekana ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya dogere 300, bigatuma ikoreshwa ryabyo - ubushyuhe bwa catalitiki.

Polimeri na plastiki

Amashanyarazi yumuriro agena uburyo bwo gutunganya no kurangiza - gukoresha porogaramu. Polimeri nyinshi zangirika kwa okiside iyo zishyushye mugihe cyo gukuramo cyangwa kubumba. Abahinguzi bongeramo stabilisateur yumuriro - antioxydants hamwe na stabilisateur yubushyuhe - kugirango birinde urunigi kandi bigumane imiterere yubukanishi.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, bakunze kwita Teflon) yerekana ubushyuhe budasanzwe, buguma buhagaze hejuru ya dogere 400. Iyi mikorere idasanzwe ituruka ku bushyuhe bwayo bwa polymerisiyasi (-47 kcal / mol) na entropy ya polymerisation (-45 entropy unit / mole), bikaba byiza cyane kuruta polymers zisanzwe nka polyethylene.

Porogaramu yo gupakira ibiryo isaba polymers zigumana ubushyuhe bwumuriro mugihe cyo kuboneza urubyaro kandi zishyushye -. Polypropilene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), hamwe na - ubucucike bwa polyethylene busanzwe bukoresha izo porogaramu, hamwe na FDA - zemeza stabilisateur (mubisanzwe calcium - zinc zishingiye) zirinda umutekano mugihe cyo gutunganya ubushyuhe.

Gutezimbere Ubushyuhe

Ibikoresho abahanga bakoresha ingamba nyinshi zo kunoza ubushyuhe bwumuriro mugihe ibintu bisanzwe bitujuje ibisabwa.

Guhindura Ubuso hamwe na Coatings

Gushyira hejuru yuburinzi burinda ibintu bitesha agaciro bitangirira kubintu bifatika. Muri cathodes ya bateri, hejuru yubuso bwa aluminium oxyde cyangwa mubindi bikoresho byubutaka bihagarika irekurwa rya ogisijeni kandi bikabuza guhuza byimazeyo ibikoresho bya electrode na electrolyte mubushyuhe bwinshi.

Ubunini bwa coating bufite akamaro - kunanuka cyane bitanga uburinzi budahagije, mugihe gutwikira cyane byongera imbaraga kandi bikagabanya imikorere yamashanyarazi. Ububiko bwiza busanzwe buri hagati ya 2 - 5 nanometero, bihagije kugirango uhagarike reaction zitifuzwa mugihe ukomeza gutwara lithium-ion.

Doping hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhimba

Kwinjiza ibintu byihariye muburyo bwa kristu birashobora kuzamura cyane ubushyuhe bwumuriro. Doping ya cathode ibikoresho hamwe nibintu nka aluminium, magnesium, cyangwa titanium bihindura imiterere, bikumira inzibacyuho zibaho mugihe cyumuriro.

Ubushakashatsi kuri nikel - ibikoresho bya cathode bikungahaye byerekana ko uduce - uduce duto twa kirisiti twerekana ubushyuhe bwiza bw’umuriro kuruta ubundi buryo bwa polycrystalline butandukanye hamwe n’imiti imwe. Imipaka yintete mubikoresho bya polycrystalline itanga ibibanza aho imyuka ya ogisijeni itangirira, bigatuma bashobora kwibasirwa nubushyuhe bwumuriro.

Uburyo bwo Kubaka

Ibikoresho byubwubatsi kurwego rwa microstructure bitanga indi nzira yo kuzamura ubushyuhe bwumuriro. Core - ibishishwa byububiko bishyira hanze yubushyuhe butajegajega buzengurutse urwego rwimbere - ubushobozi bwimbere, buhuza imikorere numutekano. Iyegeranya ryibishushanyo mbonera bigenda bihindura buhoro buhoro ibice biva hagati bigana hejuru, bigatera ingaruka zihamye.

Ibikorwa bya vuba kuri aluminiyumu yerekana ubushakashatsi bwinzibacyuho ikora imvura igwa neza. Iyi mvura irwanya ubukonje bukabije, bifasha kubungabunga imiterere yubukanishi ubundi bwangirika.

Gucunga neza Ubushyuhe

Rimwe na rimwe, kuzamura ubushyuhe bwihariye ntibihagije - gucunga neza ubushyuhe biba ngombwa. Sisitemu ya bateri igenda yinjizamo sisitemu yo gukonjesha ihanitse ibuza ibice kugera ku bushyuhe aho ubushyuhe bwumuriro buhungabana.

Sisitemu yo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa batiri ya lithium - ion yorohereza ubukonje butangirira ku bushyuhe buke mugihe wirinda ubushyuhe bukabije mugihe cyo kwishyuza vuba. Sisitemu ntabwo ihindura ibikoresho 'ubushyuhe bwumuriro ariko bikomeza gukora mumadirishya yumuriro utekanye.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa

Ni ubuhe bushyuhe bwerekana ubushyuhe bwiza?

Ihinduka ryiza ryumuriro ni imiterere - biterwa. Kuri polymer zikoreshwa mubipfunyika ibiryo, gutuza kugera kuri 120 - 150 dogere birahagije muburyo bwo kuboneza urubyaro. Ibikoresho byo mu kirere bisaba guhagarara neza hejuru ya dogere 1.000. Ibikoresho bya bateri bikenera gushikama kurenza ubushyuhe bwibikorwa byabo byibuze byibuze dogere 50-100. Urufunguzo ruhuza ubushyuhe bwumuriro na progaramu yihariye yubushyuhe.

Ese ubushyuhe bwumuriro bushobora kunozwa nyuma yibikoresho bikozwe?

Kohereza - iterambere ryinganda ni ntarengwa ariko birashoboka. Ubuvuzi bwubuso nko gutwikira porogaramu burashobora kongera ubushyuhe bwumuriro wibice byarangiye. Ibikoresho byongera ubushyuhe bwumuriro bikora neza iyo byinjijwe mugihe cyo gukora, nubwo ubuso bumwe - bwakoreshejwe butanga ibintu bitanga iterambere ryoroheje. Guhindura muburyo busaba impinduka kubintu fatizo bigize imiterere cyangwa kristaline igomba kubaho mugihe cyo gukora.

Nigute ituze ryumuriro ritandukana nubushyuhe bwumuriro?

Iyi mitungo ipima ibintu bitandukanye rwose. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro busobanura kurwanya imiti cyangwa imiterere yubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bupima uburyo ubushyuhe bwohereza neza binyuze mubintu. Ibikoresho birashobora kugira ubushyuhe bwinshi (guhererekanya ubushyuhe bwihuse) mugihe gikomeza ubushyuhe bwiza (ntibubora). Ibinyuranye, ibikoresho bifite ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro birashobora kuba bifite ubushyuhe buke bwumuriro iyo bibora kubushyuhe buke.

Kuki ababikora bagaragaza ituze ryumuriro munsi yikirere gitandukanye?

Ikirere kigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere yubushyuhe. Oxygene yihutisha kwangirika mubikoresho byinshi binyuze muri okiside. Kwipimisha muri inert ya azote yapima ubushyuhe bwumuriro udafite ingaruka za okiside. Ikizamini cyo mu kirere cyerekana uburyo ibikoresho bikora - ogisijeni yisi - irimo ibidukikije. Porogaramu zimwe zibaho mu kirere cyangwa mu kirere cyagenzuwe, bisaba kwipimisha muri ibyo bihe byihariye. Kugaragaza ikirere cyikizamini cyemeza ibisubizo bijyanye nuburyo bukoreshwa.

Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bukomeje kugenda buhinduka nkigitekerezo cyingenzi muguhitamo ibikoresho nubuhanga. Gusobanukirwa uburyo ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe - biterwa no kwangirika bituma habaho igishushanyo cyiza mubisabwa kuva mubicuruzwa byabaguzi bya buri munsi kugeza kuri sisitemu yo kubika ingufu. Iterambere rihoraho ryuburyo bwo kwipimisha, ingamba zo gutuza, hamwe nibikoresho bishya bisunika imbibi zibyo bishoboka cyane, gufungura imiryango kubisabwa mbere bitagerwaho kubera ubushyuhe buke.